A Systematic Study Of Domestic Violence Against Men In Developing Countries
Author: LawSphereX
Category: General Law
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A SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
AGAINST MEN IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Chanchal Vashishtha, Research Scholar, MVN University, NCR, Palwal, Haryana, India Ramveer Singh, Associate Professor, MVN University, NCR, Palwal, Haryana, India
ABSTRACT
This systematic study endeavored to explore the men’s experiences regarding domestic violence against them in developing countries and emphasizing the forefront rising cases of intimate partner violence against men. The research material was gathered from a academy databases, including Europe Cross Meta, Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), PubMed, and Google Scholar. In the material selection process, articles selection based on quantitative data with a publication timeframe was from
2014 to 2024. Ultimately, the analysis incorporated finding from 12 studies
involving 20,371 men from developing countries. The result includes that prevalence of domestic violence against men ranged between “14% to 78.9% in developing countries. This comprehensive analysis sheds light on a prevalence, factors and consequences of domestic violence, with a particular emphasis on the profound effect on the mental and physical health of male victims. The study addresses an urgent and often overlooked issue that persists within modern society, highlighting the need for increased awareness and intervention. Keywords: domestic violence, domestic violence against men, intimate partner violence, prevalence, developing countries
INTRODUCTION
Domestic violence, commonly known as intimate partner violence, occurs in domestic relationships. This area has been significant interest to researchers since the 1970s. Initially, it was recognized for the violence directed against women. However, in 21st century, this violence has evolved into a more pervasive issue, which not only limited to women but also includes men, LGBQT community, and transgender. To understand the evolving nature of the situation around the domestic violence, it is useful to examine the update version of domestic violence definition adopted by the United Nations. In Intimate Partner Violence Surveillance Uniform Definitions and Recommended Data Elements in it version 1. 0(1999), focused regarding the term “violence against women” but in version 2.
0 (2015) and along with violence after coronavirus the current terminology used is “domestic violence” or “intimate partner violence” can be defined as a pattern of behavior in any relationship that is used to gain or maintain power and control over an intimate partner. Further, types of violence are physical, sexual, emotional, economical or psychological actions or threats of actions that influence another person. This violence can happen to anyone of any race, age, sexual orientation, religion or gender (Nation) . The updated terminology was the result of a National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS) over 10million women and men experience physical violence each year, in which 1 in 5 women and nearly 1in
7 men have experienced violence by a their intimate partner (Matthew J. Breidind, 2015).
While the United Nations defines, domestic abuse, the present study will use the term domestic violence and sometime intimate partner violence (IPV) as it the most commonly used by different countries and within the literature. The aim of this current study to highlight the experience of domestic violence against men in developing countries as domestic violence is a significant public health issue. To understand this problem, let spotlight to some statistics from developing countries. In Eastern Africa, 29% of reported cases were involved violence against men, similarly in Western Africa, the cases were 23% and in Southern Africa, it rose to 46% (Akinseye, 2024). Another study carried out in India, prevalence of gender- based violence, with 52. 4% of participants reporting such experiences and 51. 5% experienced at least one in their lifetime by their wives (Jagbir Singh Malik, 2019).
Furthermore, the victim of domestic violence can impact on the various health issues such as physical, emotional and psychological. A study was conducted in Nigeria, and result indicated that vio violence against men were 86. 1%, which includes physical 79. 8%, sexual (75. 2%), emotional (72. 4%), verbal (72. 1%) and psychological (61. 8%) (Esther O. Asekun-Olarinmoye, 2019). According to Kenya Demographic and Health Survey, 2022, intimate partner violence against men and women, reported that 27% of men have experiencing spousal violence (Ministry of Health, 2023). Considering the aforementioned, the aim of this systematic review is to investigate the effectiveness of domestic violence laws on men who have or had experienced domestic violence.
We, initially investigate the prevalence of domestic violence in developing countries, and its influence on the life of men in developing countries. Furthermore, we investigate the determining key factors that cause domestic violence against men and its ramifications. However, this study makes a significant contribution to the existing literature over the past decade. Whereas, there are many developing countries where this issues has not being recognized and there no data is available. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Systematic literature reviews with mixed method provides a complete foundation for complex decision because it is combining quantitative and qualitative data this study is synthesis with this method (Stern, 2021). This study is conducted through mixed method in which both quantitative and qualitative studies were includes.
Initially, numerous literature reviews have been conducted on various aspects of domestic violence, however there were many sufficient data was available for the domestic violence against women and on other hand there were limited researches on domestic violence against men. This review is mainly exploring the prevalence, cause and impact of such violence on male victims. It is expected that this study will intended to provide a detailed analysis of the existing literature concerning domestic violence against men in developing countries. The aim of literature review is to synthesis the most recent research on experience of men as victim. “Elizabeth A.
Bates emphasized the help seeking statement ‘no one would ever believe me’ and explore the men experiences which had impacted on them lives and finding were this violence impacted on various aspect of life such as physical and mental health, future relationship and their relationship with their children” (Bates, 2020). “Teodora Kiryakova and Alexander Alexandrov stated domestic violence as “silent pandemic” for family and it impacted for many years. This study was conducted at the Department of Forensic Medicine and Deonotology, Medical University and Ministry of Internal Affairs with in time frame of 2017-2021. In their result the mean age of affected men was 41. 6 years and just over 50% was of the perpetrator of the crime was the intimate partner. This study also highlights the prevalence of IPV against men comparatively less studied” (Teodora Kiryakova, 2023).
“Aparajita Chattopadhyay et al. in their study stated that 29% married women were perpetrating spousal violence in the form of physical assault against their husband when he was not already beating of physically hurting them (Aparajita Chattopadhyay, 2023). “Marianne Hester in its study explored ‘who does what to whom’ in regarding with how male and female both as victims and perpetrators behave differently. As per the data of police record on domestic violence perpetrators, out of 96 cases 32 were sole female perpetrators and 64 individuals altogether were involved. The finding of this study indicated that women can be the perpetrator but this study is only limited on police headquarter report” (Hester, 2009).
Susan M Perryman and Jane Appleton they conducted a study which was evidence-based and results indicated that significant number of men reported being victims of female- perpetrated. They are different types of prevalence of domestic violence such as physical, sexual, emotional and psychological violence because of which men experiencing various health issues such as aggression, being control, and fear (Appleton, 2016). However, there are a less number of studies which are maintaining their quality of research on male victims in developing counties and some countries do not recognize men as victim of domestic violence. So, the main aim for this systematic review was to explore how men in developing countries experience domestic violence and their significant effect it has on their live.
METHODOLOGY
Preliminary Searching For this study, a comprehensive literature review was conducted using academic databases: Europe CrossMeta, DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals), PubMed Central, and Google Scholar. These databases were selected because they are holding multidisciplinary journals and cover the area of this study. A systematic approach was adopted to select relevant studies, utilizing particular keywords were carefully chosen in the search process. The key words used are shown in table 1. The literature search focused on recent research published from 2014 to 2024.
Table 1: Keywords Keywords
Database Search 5 Developing countries Europe CrossMeta DOAJ PubMed Central Google Scholar Search1 Data Search 2 Domestic Violence Search 3 Against men Search 4 Victimisation “Data” “On” “domestic violence” “Domestic abuse” “Intimate partner violence” “Intimate partner abuse” “Partner abuse” “against men” “against women” “Female” “wife” “Husband” “Female” “male” “men” “Women” “Homosexual” “Victim” “ perpetrator” “developing countries” “low or middle class income” Data, Domestic violence, Against men, Victimisation, and Developing countries these keywords and their synonym for collected and combinations of these words used for finding relevant literature content for this systematic review.
3.2 Eligibility Criteria
The eligibility criteria for the selection of research articles were through inclusion an exclusion process. In the inclusion process, our primary focus was on English articles that addressed the domestic violence against men, exploration of various form of it, and analysis of prevalence and factors that contributing to violence against men. Furthermore, in the exclusion process, we were narrowing our research that not including other languages articles, case studies, letter to editor. This approach of selecting research articles plays important role in shaping the foundation of our research. This resulted 500 article from total and final relevant literature were
12 articles. Table 2 follows guideline of PRISMA and explains each stage of the initial search
to final result.
Table 2: Identification of studies via databases as per PRISMA Identification Records identified from*: Databases (n =500) Records removed before screening: Duplicate records removed (n =11) Records removed for other reasons Screening I II III Records screened (n =478) Records excluded** (n =443) Reports sought for retrieval (n =35) Reports not retrieved*** (n =5) Reports assessed for eligibility (n =30) Reports excluded**** Reason duplicate (n =3) Reason other (n =5) Included Studies included in review (n =12) *Databases are Europe Cross Meta, Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), PubMed, and Google Scholar. **Records were excluded by reading Title and Keywords. ***Records were excluded by reading Abstract. ****Records of other reason were excluded by full reading and irrelevant for objective of this study.
Quality Assessment To attain the quality of the articles, by researcher manually no quality assessment tool was used. Initially stage was done as ‘window shopping” only relevant articles were selected which could be useful. Then, at screening stage one, title with key world were review. After that in second stage of screening abstract reading along with key finding were observed at the third stage of screening whole article reading was done. Finally, all included articles which are relevant and important were accessed. RESULTS In results of 12 articles, quantitative and qualitative both were included and these articles were critically examined and extracted final data and analysis. In this study quantitative data were from India, Nigeria, Kenya, South Africa, Korea, Sierra Leone, and Cameroon and also includes countries from Eastern Africa, Western Africa and Southern Africa.
The studies measured the experience of domest domestic violence against men and how often they experienced it. According to Kenya Demographic and Health Survey, 2022, 27% of men have experienced physical violence since age of 15 and 23% of men experienced intimate partner violence, in this 20% were current partner and 19% had a former wife (Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, 2022). Similarly, study in India highlights the concerning rate of gender- based violence among male. It was cross- sectional study involved the random participants of 1000 men from two community health center. The findings revealed a significant prevalence of gender- based violence, with 52. 4% of participants reporting such experiences and 51. 5% experienced at least one in their lifetime by their wives. The study indicating emotional violence was the most experienced form. Specifically, 51.
6% of men experienced emotional violence out of which criticism by wives were 85%, insult in front of other were 29. 7% and 35% were threated or hurt. In contract, physical violence was reported by 6% of the participants and only 0. 4% was experienced sexual violence (Jagbir Singh Malik, 2019) There are more descriptive study was organised in the Khowja, India with involving a sample size of 50 men. The aim of this study was to understand prevalence and nature of domestic violence experienced by men. The results showed that approximately 36. 7% of the participants reported experiencing some form of domestic violence. The study further indicated that emotional abuse was identified as the most prevalent form of violence, affecting 36. 7% of respondents, followed by economic abuse. Additionally, 20% indicated that men had faced sexual violence within their domestic relationships. 81.
8% of the participants attributed their experienced to the dominant behavior exhibited by their wives. 72. 7% reported that their wives often engaged in attention seeking behaviors with wives. 27. 3% of respondents felt that their wives higher income levels created a power imbalance. Lastly, another 27. 3 % reported that wives are dissatisfaction with their husband’s physical appearance (Srivastava, 2016). Similarly, study conducted in Punjab has shed light on the often overlooked issue of domestic violence against men. The research revealed that approximately 14% of men in the region have reported experiencing some form of domestic violence. The findings indicated that a significant 53. 3% of those cases who never discussed their experienced with anyone, only 30% sharing their experiences with friends, while a mere 6% confined in family and just 6. 7% reported their instances to police.
Accordingly, while probable reasons, that 50% were because of gender stereotypes in society, 12% had fear of losing their reputation, and 16% had a look of faith in the justice delivery system. This study also revealed that the consequences of domestic violence against men are the omission of suicide, mental health issues, loss of self-confidence, and violence against human rights (Nandni, 2024). Another quantitative study was conducted by multi-stage sampling technique was utilized in Nigeria. This study involved 483 respondents and focused was to examine the growing issue of domestic violence against men, a concern that has received increasing attention in recent years. The study indicate a significant results such as, 86. 1% respondents were aware of domestic violence perpetrated against men, with a troubling 78. 9 % of the men themselves reported incidents of victimization (Esther O.
Asekun-Olarinmoye, 2019). Further analysis showed that the perpetrators were predominantly wives; responsible for 55. 8% of the cases similarly inlaws were accounted about 20%. Also, illiterate men were affected by domestic violence, with 36. 1% experiencing literate individuals. This study explain contributing factors were identified, such as psychological issues, male infertility, abuse from spouse family, personal frustrations, inadequate incomes, and alcoholism in partners. The findings highlights the consequences such as 73. 8% of those cases were family breakdown, 61. 5% were suffer from emotional problems, 57. % victims of psychological problem. The adverse effect of domestic violence extended to children, with 60. 6% and 38. 9% of men attempted suicide as a result of their experiences (Esther O. Asekun-Olarinmoye, 2019).
A study was conducted in three regions of Sub-Saharan Africa, focusing on newspapers headlines related to domestic violence against men. The findings highlights that in Eastern Africa, 29% of reported cases were involved violence against men, similarly in Western Africa, the cases was 23% and in Southern Africa, it rose to 46% (Akinseye, 2024). The next quantitative study, conducted in South Africa, involved 170 representatives from various sectors, including the South African Police Service, the Department of Social Development, the Commission for Gender Equality, and Non- Government Organisations. The study highlights that between 60% to 84% representatives strongly believed that intimate partner violence against men is an emerging issue. Additionally, 58. 68% of men reported experiencing frequent abuse from their wives.
Data from South African Police Service indicated that 47 men were murdered by their female partners, 67 attempted murder by female partners and 951 cases of serious physical harm inflicted by female partners including wives and girlfriends (Sabelinah M. Tshoane, 2023). A study was conducted by Kola’ Oyediran et al. in Cameroon, 26. 5% men experienced psychological and 24. 4% physical violence whereas in Sierra Leone, 23. 4% were reported psychological and 14. 9% physical abuse (Kola' Oyediran, 2022). A qualitative study was done by Tanis Moore in its study spotlight on the prevalence factor that influence the consequence of domestic violence against men, barriers to help seeking, refusal to disclose their experiences as abuse, unwillingness to identify, feeling of isolation, loss of masculinity, fear of being judged and fear of police response (Moore, 2021).
Consequently, a study in Korea shows the marginal gender differences between men and women, in study five common types of factors were majored and in result both are close to each other. In result, male 11. 8% neglect, 24. 7%controlling behavior, 17. 3% economical violence, 12. 0% physical violence (Ferraresso, 2020). Furthermore, another qualitative study was conducted in Nigeria, in in this study report were generated from 248 readers’ comments on the domestic violence against men cases and finding were that “feminism as an ideology that propagates and celebrates female aggression against men in the family setting” (Adetutu Aragbuwa, 2018). Additionally, A significant study was conducted in Kisumu slum, Kenya in which 398 married men have participated and finding were 2. 13 times more likely to have economic violence, 2.
41 time economic violence with compared to who never married (Elixabeth Odemba, 2023). Finally, results indicated that prevalence of domestic violence against men was reported between 14% to 78. 9% and rate of each country were shown below table-3.
Table 3: Prevalence rate of Domestic Violence against men in developing Countries N o Author(s), Year of Publication Country of study Sample size Prevalence of Domestic Violence against men (Srivastava, 2016) India (Khowja) 36.7% (Nandni, 2024) India (Punjab) 14% (Esther O.
Asekun- Olarinmoye, 2019) Nigeria
78.9 % (Jagbir Singh Malik, 2019) India (Haryana) 52.4% (Sabelinah M.
Tshoane, 2023) South Africa 58. 68% (Akinseye, 2024) Sub-Saharan - 46% (Eastern Africa) No. of Countries=18 (Akinseye, 2024) Sub-Saharan (Western Africa) No. of Countries=17 - 23% (Akinseye, 2024) Sub-Saharan (Southern Africa) No. of Countries=5 - 46% (Kola' Oyediran, 2022) Cameroon - 26% reported because of stereotype perception of society. This study stated that because of existing structures of domestic violence around female victim difficult to consider a hard-to-reach (HTR) population of male victims (Douglas et al. 2021). In the result of quantitative studies, in many countries such as India, South Africa, Nigeria and Sub- Saharan Africa men are suffer different types of domestic violence against them. In these countries, violence is measured and investigates as per their cultural framework, which includes dependent and independent variables.
The Clinical Forensic Medical Department of the North Branch of National Institute of Legal Medicine of Portugal, they revealed that 11. 5% of the victims examined were male; 12. 1% had a psychiatric disorder; 81. 6% had history of intimate partner violence (E. M. Douglas, 2021). Similarly in the result of this study the victim rate is dependent as per the social economic conditions of countries. However, India (Punjab) was the lowest rate of experience 14% whereas Nigeria reported highest rate of prevalence (Nandni, 2024) (Esther O. Asekun- Olarinmoye, 2019). Country where laws are women centric there laws impact negative on the mental and overall health of men (Rudolph, 2021). In respect to this there were studies which reported the impact of mental of men which includes mental and psychological. In Cameroon, 26.
5% men experienced psychological, 57% victims of psychological problem in Nigeria, in Sierra Leone, 23. 4% were reported psychological (Kola' Oyediran, 2022) (Esther O. Asekun- Olarinmoye, 2019). While physical and sexual heath were also observed in current studies were “between 12% to24%” (Kola' Oyediran, 2022) (Ferraresso, 2020). Similarly, the study indicates male victims experienced a series of aggression and controlled by female partner (Bates, 2020). In the analysis, men experience of domestic violence is common issue and laws on female overbridging this problem. Despite this, it impacted negatively to the various aspects of life.
CONCLUSION
Today, the circumstances facing men parallel those that women encountered in the 1990s. During that time, domestic violence was not recognized with the legal framework, despite its prevalence in society. It was the efforts of feminist movements and after extensive research that domestic violence was ultimately classified as a crime. Despite being in the 21st century, men experiencing domestic violence often feel as though they are living in the 19th century, as the issue has largely remained unacknowledged by the law. In many countries, men are not recognized as victim within the legal definitions of domestic violence. However, there are some countries where this perception is changing; for instance, United Nations updated its definition of domestic violence and include all gender.
The present study indicated the extent of this issue in developing countries and it ranged “between 14% to 78. 6%”, while many nations do not have any data and research, as they do not consider it as violence. Current research indicates that the primary reason for the lack of data on this issue is that “hard-to-reach”. There is no friendly environment for men to come forward regarding their experiences, resulting in a lack of information on such cases. It is important to recognize that this problem affect not just individuals but society as a whole and should be viewed as a violation of human rights. This study highlights that there is limited literature on this issue in developing countries. Additionally, it provides evidence that this impact both present and future lives of men, and also impact on their relationship such as future partner, children and parents.
Specifically, it affects all aspects of life their physical, mental, sexual, psychological, spiritual, economic, social and professional well-being. Furthermore, the various forms of violence identified by the World Health Organization as domestic violence against women can also be directed towards men. This includes psychological, emotional, and physical violence, each of which can significantly impact the well-being and mental health of the violence. It is essential to approach the issue of domestic violence as a gender-neutral concern rather than one that is specific to a particular gender. Data reveals that men can also be victim of domestic violence, highlighting that the prevalence of such abuse is not happened to women only. This broader perspective not only acknowledges the experiences of all victims.
Therefore, developing countries need to approach domestic violence as a critical social issue that affects individuals and communities as a whole. By acknowledges that men can also experience domestic violence regardless of their gender. It is essential to strengthen legal protections for the human rights of men, and need of effective legislation that addresses existing gaps and promotes equality.
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