Contemporary Legal Issues And Challenges Of Innovations Under Artificial Intelligence
Author: LawSphereX
Category: Technology, Cyber & Privacy
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CONTEMPORARY LEGAL ISSUES AND
CHALLENGES
OF INNOVATIONS UNDER ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Swati Priya, Netaji Subhas University, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand. Anand Vardhan, Netaji Subhas University, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand.
ABSTRACT
In the current era of rapid technological advancement, Artificial Intelligence (AI) stands at the forefront of innovation, reshaping industries and social systems across the globe. As a key component of the fourth industrial revolution, AI integrates human-like reasoning and data-driven automation into diverse sectors such as healthcare, education, banking, journalism, and the judiciary. While its transformative potential is undeniable, AI also brings with it a complex web of legal, ethical, and technical challenges. This paper delves into the contemporary legal issues and innovation hurdles associated with AI technologies, ranging from concerns over data privacy, liability attribution, and transparency to more nuanced debates on conscience in decision-making, AI’s influence in journalism, and its expanding role in the justice system.
Furthermore, it highlights the pressing need for comprehensive and adaptive legal frameworks that go beyond existing municipal laws, addressing the unique risks AI poses. Through critical evaluation of international laws like the EU AI Act 2024 and the National AI Act 2020, this work explores regulatory gaps and offers policy suggestions. It also underscores the necessity of ethical programming, widespread public awareness, and a proactive approach to AI governance to ensure its responsible integration into society. Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Legal Challenges, Ethical Issues, Innovation, AI Regulation, Data Privacy, Liability v Introduction In this dynamic world, technology is also a dynamic tool that is growing rapidly according to the needs of various aspects of the industrial economy and society.
Today ‘Artificial Intelligence’ (AI) is the best example of the 4th industrial revolution. AI is the result of a human intellectual programming automation system that provides the best work productivity for any industry in a short time as a result of access to self-learning processes from large collected data. Where the AI system is demanded in various sectors of industry like education, healthcare, agriculture, banking, manufacturing, entertainment, etc. , it is said that it is replaced by an intellectual machine as an intelligent being. Therefore, such advanced technology has an issue with how they can run smoothly towards the society without misusing of such technology.
However, all these transformational applications of AI systems pose challenges to the legal framework for genuine users to prevent the misuse of information data and unfair use of technology v Definition of Artificial Intelligence (AI) ‘Artificial intelligence’ first this term coin by John McCarthy in 1955, according to him “Artificial Intelligence is the Science and engineering of making Intelligent machines”1. Before discussing the legal issues and innovative challenges regarding Artificial Intelligence first, we going to the definition of Artificial Intelligence (AI). However, such a definition clarifies what the actual means of AI is, than easy to determine the nexus of AI with the contemporary legal issues and challenges.
• National Artificial Intelligence Act Of 2020 According to the National Artificial Intelligence Act 2020 “The term ‘‘artificial intelligence’’ means a machine-based system that can, for a given set of human-defined objectives, make predictions, recommendations or decisions influencing real or virtual environments. Artificial intelligence systems use machine and human-based inputs to perceive real and virtual environments; abstract such perceptions into models through analysis in an automated manner;
1 Christopher Manning, Artificial Intelligence Definitions, HAI STANFORD UNIV. 1 (2020),
https://hai. stanford. edu/sites/default/files/2020-09/AI-Definitions-HAI. pdf. ( last visited Apr 10, 2025). and use model inference to formulate options for information or action.
”2 • European Union Artificial Intelligence Act 2024 “Article 3 of this act defines ‘AI system’ means a machine-based system that is designed to operate with varying levels of autonomy and that may exhibit adaptiveness after deployment, and that, for explicit or implicit objectives, infers, from the input it receives, how to generate outputs such as predictions, content, recommendations, or decisions that can influence physical or virtual environments;”3 Above both definitions one thing is clear it’s a virtual mechanism represented in the real world; therefore, its application is not narrow but wide, mainly AI functions dependent on the data information which is inputted by the human, and such AI are Categories into the level in which they are perform as per the command received, it’s clear from the definition that different AI system is innovated to perform the different work.
4 Therefore, in this era AI is used from two perspectives, first, AI is used in the technical sense where it expands the variety, complexity, and volume of work that can be automated, hence improving automation techniques. One such is Robotic Process Automation (RPA), which is the automation of data processing processes that are repetitive and rule-based and are generally performed by people. 5 Second AI is used in the ethical sense where it is involved in the selfanalysis process toward social norms and gives judgments, recommendations, observations, etc. 6 As such it is involved in the public sector, private sector, policy-making process, government administration system, and judicial functions. 7
2 DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY NATIONAL SECURITY PROGRAMS (IN THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS), ,
https://www.aip.org/sites/default/files/aipcorp/images/fyi/pdf/national-ai-initiative-act-final.pdf (last visited Apr 10, 2025). 3 Article 3: Definitions | EU Artificial Intelligence Act, , https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/article/3/ (last visited Apr 10, 2025)
4 Cole & Eda Stryker & kavlakogla, What Is Artificial Intelligence (AI)? | IBM,
https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/artificial-intelligence (last visited Apr 18, 2025). 5 Robotic Process Automation Definition: What is RPA?, , https://www.airbase.com/glossary/robotic-processautomation-rpa (last visited Apr 18, 2025).
6 AI and the Rule of Law
Capacity Building for Judicial Systems | UNESCO, , https://www.unesco.org/en/artificial-intelligence/rule-law/mooc-judges (last visited Apr 18, 2025). 7 Ethical and Responsible AI Adoption in Government, , https://www.reisystems.com/roadmap-totransformation-the-next-generation-of-government-operations-with-ethical-and-responsible-ai-adoption/ (last visited Apr 18, 2025).
However, such complex technology requires a comprehensive legal framework to deal with various innovative AI systems. Whereas, the more advanced the AI system, the higher the risk. According to this concern, there is a need for a strict understanding of the law in various sectors, whether they are involved in AI technical or non-technical work. And it is not only for the legal framework, but they also need to deal with the innovation issues of more technical and advanced systems day by day.
8 Towards the definition of AI above such discussion, we have clearly understood the basic application of AI systems in the human world, and one thing is clear from the definition of AI is that definition is not exhaustive but is inclusive because AI is a dynamic concept and they change like climate, let us move to the contemporary legal issues and innovative challenges under artificial intelligence after understanding the basic application of AI system. 9 v Legal issues regarding Artificial Intelligence The growth of advanced technology the Artificial Intelligence concerns many legal issues, whereas first to consider there is sufficient law to govern each dimension of the application of AI, above such statement we found that many countries are the parties to ‘The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to adopt the AI principles.
10As per the need for a legal framework toward AI issues, the EU countries are the first to have comprehensive legislation regarding Artificial Intelligence such law known as the AI Act,2024. Many countries have taken the initiative step to frame proper legislation toward AI. 11 Most countries do have not separate legislation regarding AI and they temporally depend on existing municipal laws such as countries like India, China, Bangladesh, Colombia, and so on. After the EU initiative, other countries also indulge in legal frameworks for the separate legislation for AI. Common legal issues regarding AI are privacy concerns for every individual, fear of infringement of intellectual property rights (IPR), data security concerns, transparency for the 8 Iyanu samuel Ayebo, (PDF) Regulating Artificial Intelligence: Challenges and Opportunities in Legal Frameworks, https://www. researchgate.
net/publication/388722551_Regulating_Artificial_Intelligence_Challenges_and_Oppo rtunities_in_Legal_Frameworks (last visited Apr 18, 2025).
9 EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM ON THE UPDATED OECD DEFINITION OF AN AI SYSTEM, ,
OECDPUBLISHING (2024), https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2024/03/explanatory-memorandum-on-theupdated-oecd-definition-of-an-ai-system_3c815e51/623da898-en.pdf (last visited Apr 18, 2025).
10 AI Principles Overview - OECD.AI, , https://oecd.ai/en/ai-principles (last visited Apr 18, 2025).
11 How countries are implementing the OECD Principles for Trustworthy AI - OECD.AI, ,
https://oecd.ai/en/wonk/national-policies-2 (last visited Apr 18, 2025).
AI output, etc. whereas many countries have separate municipal law that deals with privacy, data security, IPR but has not comprehensive legislation to deal with such legal issues which cause error pose by AI system. However, after the enforcement of the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in 2018 they minimized the privacy issues, and in this respect, GDPR is considered as a significant legislation to protect the individual data against the AI.
12 Whereas other countries adopted the same legislation proforma to frame such essential legislation to protect individual data privacy like India and other countries doing the same legal framework for the enforcement of personal data protection law, such data protection laws based on GDPR principles, rights, and requirements become essential when creating and deploying AI systems, since they use personal data, among other information, to learn and improve their performance. But such a law is not sufficient to deal with every domain of AI concerns, therefor we require separate legislation like an EU AI Act, 2024. 13 Ø Contemporary legal issues
1. Conscience Principle
‘Conscience’, It's an act, not a skill or a routine. It's a pragmatic judgment of comprehension. Conscience means human act which is based on the understanding of what is right or wrong. As per this concern, Natural law comes into the picture because this law is based on the principle of conscience, whereas the primary feature of natural law is its empirical methodology, this indicates that the principles of natural law adopt the position that conclusions should be reached only after thorough investigation or study of the relevant facts, rather than being accepted at face value without further support, conscience principle in natural law formulate the human mind reasoning and analyses all circumstances before any decision and chooses right one and left the wrong.
Whereas, Conscience, serves as the structuring basis of Equity, whether the principle of equity is an impartial and fair phenomenon applicable based on a given set of circumstances. Good law is based on equity, justice, and good conscience. , 12 Calif SAN JOSE, The Impact of the GDPR on Artificial Intelligence - Securiti, https://securiti. ai/impact-ofthe-gdpr-on-artificial-intelligence/ (last visited Apr 19, 2025).
13 Muhammed Demircan & Kalyna Kettas James Clark, Europe
The EU AI Act’s relationship with data protection law: key takeaways | Privacy Matters, https://privacymatters.dlapiper.com/2024/04/europe-the-eu-aiacts-relationship-with-data-protection-law-key-takeaways (last visited Apr 19, 2025).
India's legal system is the best example because such a legal system is based on justice, equity, and good conscience, and such three principles are considered golden legal principles. However, above such discussion when we interlink the conscience principle with the human intelligence-based AI system to find out whether AI works on conscience-based principles or not, we saw the working of AI system from the definition of AI that automation system access to self-learning process from large collected data which is input by the human and on this basis, AI make a decision, recommendation, views and prediction. Legal issues are that such decisions, recommendations, views, and predictions are be based on the conscience principle because if AI output is not determined between right and wrong then its result always against the equity.
14 So that is why the conscience principle is considered a contemporary legal issue. Whereas conscience is needed in every law reason behind that law is implemented for the benefit of the individual to protect a large number of the society, If the law is implemented without the conscience principle its existence is irrelevant and defeats the purpose of the law. Same as if AI output exists without the conscience principle, then such technology defeats the interest of every industry and also individuals, resulting in huge economic losses that impact the reputation of any industry and create individual trust issues in AI.
Ø Suggestion for the Conscience Principle in AI15 a) AI programming must be based on the conscience principle, whenever the AI system application uses the technical or ethical sense, it must adhere to the Conscience principle to know the consequences before the Output result to the human race; b) Such programming is possible when the conscience principle is made the part of AI policy; c) Such policy is possible when they are part of AI laws to control and administer the application of AI.
14 Daniel Gall, AI Decision-Making
Legal and Ethical Boundaries and the Mens Rea Dilemma, https://www.americanbar.org/groups/gpsolo/resources/magazine/2024-november-december/ai-decision-makinglegal-ethical-boundaries-mens-rea-dilemma/ (last visited Apr 19, 2025). 15 Ethics of Artificial Intelligence | UNESCO, , https://www.unesco.org/en/artificialintelligence/recommendation-ethics (last visited Apr 19, 2025).
2. AI in journalism
Journalists are considered prominent people in society and their main objective is to provide information to the people and also be aware of such information related to issues regarding the social economic and political. 16 Above such information, people have guidance for his life and social issues. The journalists' writing on news and current events for newspapers and journals satisfies this desire. Reporting, writing, editing, photographing, transmitting, and running news organizations as businesses are all part of the profession of journalism. Whereas before the internet revolution, the media profession was carried out by a single individual, today with the aid of access to communication ease, every person plays a role in the media, leading to the notion that every person considers themselves to be a media person.
17 Nowadays AI become dominant in the field of journalism, whereas a small version of AI was previously used for news broadcasting, newspaper editing, and use for news blogs. 18 But today modified versions of AI available in the market and media industry as per the technology revolution have also expanded their domain, they use such advanced AI technology. With such AI technology now in this day’s journalists turn the deviant route, we know that media a significant role plays in balancing and constructing the nation and maintaining a good physical democracy and they establish the connection between the people and the other pillars of government i. e. , judiciary, legislative, executive. 19 That’s why all such AI technology, structures, and facilities are misused by the media, they screen such news and information in support of a particular person's benefit in exchange for money.
20 And the advancement of AI Technology the media engaged in more corrupt practices easily. The consequence is that more citizens are suffering reason of the influence of wrong information by the media impact on the 16 Claire Wardle & Hossein Derakhshan, Journalism, fake news & disinformation: handbook for journalism education and training, JOURNAL. ‘FAKE NEWS’ DISINFORMATION HANDB. JOURNAL. EDUC. TRAIN. 44–56 (2018), https://unesdoc. unesco. org/ark:/48223/pf0000265552 (last visited Apr 19, 2025).
17 Alfred Hermida, TWITTERING THE NEWS The emergence of ambient journalism,
http://ssrn.com/abstract=1732598http://www.informaworld.com/Electroniccopyavailableat:https://ssrn.com/abst ract=1732598Electroniccopyavailableat:http://ssrn.com/abstract=1732598 (last visited Apr 19, 2025). 18 Frontiers | Ethics and journalistic challenges in the age of artificial intelligence: talking with professionals and experts, , https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/communication/articles/10.3389/fcomm.2024.1465178/full (last visited Apr 19, 2025).
19 Sarah Kreps & Douglas L. Kriner, The potential impact of emerging technologies on democratic
representation: Evidence from a field experiment, NEW MEDIA SOC. (2023), https://www. journalofdemocracy. org/articles/how-ai-threatens-democracy/ (last visited Apr 19, 2025). 20 Matthew Jenkins et al. , The corruption risks of artificial intelligence, www. transparency. org (last visited Apr 19, 2025). social lifestyle of every citizen. 21 Such media deviance practices are influenced by political superiority, known in this era it’s a contemporary legal challenge to framing the law to tackle such malpractices. Every nation of the government has a municipal law for the protection and prevention of such deviances indirectly but not a proper law to deal with the AI use malpractice by the media.
Ø Suggestion for malpractice use of AI in journalism a) Each government of the nation must take the proper action against media malpractices and give the proper guidelines for AI policies in use in the media domain; b) Need for separate legal AI provisions to tackle the deviances of journalism; c) Must strengthen the information technology laws and filter social media which interferes with the malpractice of giving wrong information.
3. AI in the judicial system
Evolution of the AI technology is rapid as per the needs of the industrial economy. Nowadays AI technology is demanded in the judicial system frequently for documentation work, complex legal drafts, and conversion of regional language into court language vis a vis. This is cause for the demand for AI technology in the judicial system. China says that the average workload for judges has been cut by more than a third because of the deployment of AI in its smart court system, Xiao Zhi 3. 0. 22 “In India recently Chief Justice of the Supreme Court D. Y. Chandrachud recommended the establishment of an AI committee. Nowadays many nations want to use AI technology in the justice delivery system to reduce the bundle of pendency cases.
”23 Contemporary Legal issue on the authenticity of justice delivery by the AI system, we know that AI is based on human intelligence but can AI think like a human brain, this presumption 21 Wendy Collinson, Artificial Intelligence: Another layer of crisis for journalism and democracy - Ethical Journalism Network, https://ethicaljournalismnetwork. org/artificial-intelligence-another-layer-of-crisis-forjournalism-and-democracy (last visited Apr 19, 2025).
22 AI-powered courts can rewrite future of judiciary, ,
https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2023/Nov/02/ai-powered-courts-can-rewrite-future-of-judiciary- 2629474.html (last visited Apr 19, 2025).
23 Sanjay Raman Sinha, Courting Artificial Intelligence - India Legal,
https://indialegallive. com/magazine/artificial-intelligence-supreme-court-reasearch-cji-chandrachud (last visited Apr 19, 2025). is genuine because every case has different facts and circumstances and there is need for appreciation of each fact and circumstances concerning the evidence, so how the AI appreciate the evidence before giving any rational judgment. However, what about the precedent cases where the court has the discretion to change the previous verdict as per the need of the society and not always depend on precedent cases, can such discretion be given to the AI technology, if yes how is the AI algorithm giving such rational decision? There is more legal complexity in the use of AI for the justice delivery system. Ø Suggestion for AI when plays a role in the justice delivery system a.
AI must be trained as per practical aspects of the life of a human being, it helps the AI system to know the nature and circumstances of both culprits & victims. b. Appreciation of evidence is the process of conscience where the human applies his mind, programming of the AI is generated as per the good consciousness principle of law; c. If making a separate AI system for the justice delivery system there must be a version of AI with justice, equity, and good conscience to give a rational decision.
4. Liability principle
In this modern era, AI become the most dominant topic reasons behind continuous modification programming in AI are challenges for manufacturing companies and their users, and also faces new legal issues. AI is an advanced technology and as per the demand of economic, technical, and rapid process mechanisms they engage in every domain like education, journalism, healthcare, agriculture, banking, manufacturing, and entertainment. if such an advanced AI system causes damages to the user or owner then who is responsible for such damages and is there a provision for speedy remedy in AI laws? Therefore, a Bundle of legal issues arises from the fault of an AI system.24 • Contemporary Legal issues regarding the liability of AI depend on the many different
24 Anay Mehrotra & Samriddh Sharma, Addressing Product and Service Liability Concerns in Artificial
Intelligence: An Indian Perspective, L. Sch. Pol'y Rev. (Feb. 12, 2025), https://lawschoolpolicyreview.com/2025/02/12/addressing-product-and-service-liability-concerns-in-artificialintelligence-an-indian-perspective/. circumstances and facts of the cases which are mentioned below25
1) If the AI system causes an error pose, then who is responsible, the owner who
possession in AI system or, the user who enjoys the AI services, or the AI manufacturing company;
2) If the AI system causes damage or loss to the user in such case whose accountability,
the manufacturer or the owner;
3) If the AI system is used for government function and causes damages to other than who
is responsible, the state or the AI manufacturing company; Above such different cases, we found that there have only EU countries have comprehensive legislation, whereas EU AI liability directives given the essential component for determining the reason behind an AI system's failure:26 a) In a negligence case, there must be a breach of a duty; b) In contractual cases, there must establish a breach of express or implied terms: c) In consumer protection cases they must establish the nexus between the defect and damages. And if the person suffers harm from AI, then the burden of proof is on him. Therefore, legal issues are a challenge for every nation to establish the liability principle for AI. Ø Suggestion for liability principle for AI27 a) Every nation's responsibility must be the liability principle in AI law. b) Provided minimum cost proceeding,
25 European Commission, Questions & Answers
AI Liability Directive, at 1–2 (Sept. 28, 2022), https://ec. europa. eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/QANDA_22_5793 (last visited Apr. 18, 2025). 26 European Parliamentary Research Service, Artificial Intelligence Liability Directive, at 6–7 (Feb. 2023), https://www. europarl. europa. eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2023/739342/EPRS_BRI(2023)739342_EN. pdf (last visited Apr. 18, 2025). 27 Sundaraparipurnan Narayanan & Mark Potkewitz, A Risk-Based Approach to Assessing Liability Risk for AI- Driven Harms Considering EU Liability Directive (2023), https://arxiv. org/abs/2401. 11697 (last visited Apr. 18, 2025). c) Create a separate AI department and recruit expert investigation officers who know AI systems. d) Make a provision for a speedy trial.
v Innovative Challenges under AI We know that in this dynamic world, technology transforms like a climate, one of the best technologies in the world that is rapidly changing every day is artificial intelligence (AI), Our methods of working, communicating, and living have all changed significantly as a result of the amazing technological advances over the past few decades. Artificial intelligence (AI) and related advancements are of interest to both the general public and scientists. Computer scientists who study artificial intelligence (AI) aim to build intelligent robots that can replicate human cognitive processes. AI is present in every aspect of our everyday lives. Shortly, artificial intelligence is expected to continue its rapid advancement in a variety of industrial fields, including education, healthcare, agriculture, banking, manufacturing, and entertainment.
and it is the best innovation of the human in the world. Such wide innovation faces every day new challenges for the application of AI in a good manner. Ø Contemporary innovative changes
1. Technical challenge28
A complex version of an AI system is a complex algorithm and such complexity requires more data sources and storage to analyse the details data for making intellectual reasoning for any output. Such complex tasks require more time to analyse data. AI Manufacturing companies face such innovative challenges in a dynamic world. In this competitive market, all manufacturing companies are engaged in manufacturing more and more advanced AI systems, and we know that each part is not manufactured by one company it's manufactured by different companies means that all manufacturing companies purchase certain parts, whereas certain parts are more costly. Therefore, AI Manufacturing companies face more complexity in manufacturing the advanced AI system. 28 Philipp Hacker, The European AI Liability Directives – Critique of a Half-Hearted Approach and Lessons for the Future, (2022), https://arxiv.
org/abs/2211. 13960.
Ø Suggestion for such innovative complex a) AI Manufacturing companies try to manufacture all parts of AI systems; b) They use more and more advanced Nano chips for storage issues; c) They need to make a large cloud storage space for data resource issues. d) For Comfortably they merged with other AI manufacturer companies for the result of less manufacturing cost.
2. Ethical challenge29
Nowadays ethics is essential for the human era, human lifestyle is based on social norms and such norms are changed from region to region. In this world, different types of human cultures, religions, languages, and lifestyles exist. Above such complex, human beings live with the understanding and respect of their ethics. With advancement of the technology, AI systems become part of every individual whether it's directly or indirectly. We know that the AI system is a machine-based system used for making a decision, views, recommendations, and predictions for any input commanded by the human. The main point is that the AI system faces such dynamic Ethical difficulties due to such a complex variety of cultures, religions, languages, and lifestyles. whereas such complexity possibly creates confusion under the AI system and gives a biased decision.
Hence, the result is that the client faces transparency issues on the decisions of the AI and needs to know the logic on which the decisions are based. Despite such ethical complexities, the AI service provider has to face such novel challenges towards such ethical complexities. Ø Suggestion for such ethical complexity a) AI systems must be programmed with an ethical code of conduct. b) Reasoning of any output decision must be easily available with the due care of data privacy. 29 Ada Lovelace Institute, AI Liability in Europe (2022), https://www. adalovelaceinstitute. org/resource/ailiability-in-europe/ (last visited Apr. 18, 2025). c) Bias Decision-making AI cures by training with the good data processes and algorithms programming of AI are properly defined to tackle such issues immediately.
3. Social and economic challenges30
AI is the latest technology for this generation, and most individuals lack knowledge about AI features, even many companies are fear to use such advanced technology because have limited sources to give the right information about the utility of the AI system, we have not too said that totally limited sources are responsible for lack of information towards the AI, whereas AI version is being modified day by day that’s why AI experts personal are be less for the giving instructions of the AI mechanism. The scarcity of experts’ individuals and industries deprived of information about the utility of AI technology is considered a social and economic challenge for AI innovation. Most social and economic challenges for the innovation of AI are be sacristy of comprehensive legislation which separately deals with AI regulation.
Many countries depend on municipal law to deal with AI but they do have not proper legislation for the AI regulation. such scarcity of AI legislation promotes the unfair use of AI technology and they cause huge economic loss for the nation and individual fear for data privacy. EU is the first nation who have a comprehensive legislation AI Act to deal with AI Systems. and after the enforcement of the General Data Protection Regulations (GDPR) in 2018, individuals have less fear about data privacy. Ø Suggestion for social and economic challenges a. Awareness of the AI system must be held in a public domain seminar to give free education about AI. b. Every nation's government has taken a step to make compulsory AI topics as a part of computer subjects for the standard 6 to 10 classes. c. Provided the diploma and degree courses of the AI program by the institution for less fee.
Resulting in an increase in the rate of Recruitment for the AI Experience personnel in the industry. 30 European Commission, Questions & Answers: AI Liability Directive, supra note 1, at 8 (last visited Apr. 18, 2025). v Conclusion Above the discussion on AI, the Legal framework for AI more essential for future innovation of AI, contemporary Legal issues viz. lack of conscience in AI decisions towards the social norms, therefore need for conscience principles programming under the AI system, whereas many countries making AI for the part of justice delivery system concerning the contemporary legal issue because how the AI appreciate the evidence is always a question of law, therefor we need the advance AI technology which deals with such issues.
However, if an AI error poses a cause who is responsible on this basis we saw the EU AI liability directive make a provision for AI liability but if damages are caused by the AI used by the government, then who is responsible in such questions law is silence. Therefore, we need more strict laws for giving the remedy to the plaintiff. Whereas in Innovative challenges we saw that there is main three contemporary challenges and their need for advanced nano chips for complex data functioning and large cloud space to store more data for making decisions accurately. In ethical innovation, the challenges there are for AI programming based on an ethical code of conduct that minimises AI biases.
At last, we saw a lot of misunderstanding about the AI features because of a lack of proper knowledge and information about the AI system that is why there is a need for education and proper information about the working of AI for innovation of AI systems for future. Therefore, the law is a more dominant aspect of the AI innovation, if proper legislation then the innovation process be uplifted.