Ever Expanding Horizon Of Artificial Intelligence And Statutory Legal Regulations Governing It
Author: LawSphereX
Category: Technology, Cyber & Privacy
Published:
Updated:
EVER EXPANDING HORIZON OF ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE AND STATUTORY LEGAL REGULATIONS GOVERNING IT
Ashish Kumar Verma, University of Lucknow
ABSTRACT
From Dartmount to present have been rapid advancements in the field of Artificial Intelligences. From humanoid robots like Sophia to concept vehicles everything has become reality which once existed only in myths and fantasies. Apart from playing assistive roles in our life now technology is ready to take on driver’s seat. Technology and artificial intelligence have become inseparable part of our lives. For sustained growth of any technology, it’s very crucial that regulatory framework governing it is able to tackle difficulties efficiently posed by it. Growth in the field of artificial intelligence has posed many practical problems like privacy violations, uncontrollable self-aware AI, Socioeconomic inequalities, algorithmic biases caused by bad data, academic and professional disparities, transnational governance urgencies etc.
Currently laws governing it across the world are scattered it nature which need to be more subject and domain specific. Major laws governing Artificial intelligence at global level are OECD principles on artificial intelligence 2019, G20 principles 2019, and European Union artificial intelligence act 2021. In India majorly AI finds its regulatory domain under Information Technology Act 2000. All these laws have their own limitations which need to be addressed and author will try to highlight them to best of his abilities. Since technology is changing very fast and it has reached to a level where AI is developing another AI hence regulatory legal framework need be made in tune with technological advances so that law should not act as impediments in technological advancements.
Authors will be adopting doctrinal method for collecting relevant date for the purpose and domain of paper will mainly be concerned about existing and evolving regulatory framework. Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Regulatory framework, OECD principles on artificial intelligence 2019, European Union Artificial Intelligence Act 2021, G20 Principles 2019, Information Technology Act 2000
Introduction
Artificial can be said to be something that is non-natural i. e. something created by humans and not by nature. Intelligence simply refers to the ability to understand think and learn. Simply it can be said Artificial Intelligence is the study of how to make computers perform tasks which humans can perform in better ways. It branches from the computer science which relates to the automation and quick-witted behavior of machines. It is also called cognitive computing which refers to ability of machines thinking like humans and performing human tasks. The relation between what human can do and developments in computing are inter related and dynamic. As a result, the meaning of Artificial Intelligence evolves over time and phenomenon known as the Artificial Intelligence effect. Precisely Artificial Intelligence can be defined as: Artificial Intelligence = Perceive + Analyze + React.
1 Some of the most frequently cited definitions regarding Artificial Intelligence areas, focused on different aspects are: • Ability of enrich through experiences. • Ability to adapt to relatively new situations. • Ability to relate with other entities and its environment • The ability to solve new problems. • Ability to act purposefully, thinks rationally, and deals effectively. • General to ability to direct actions towards a specific goal and comprehend complex ideas. Since horizon of Artificial Intelligence is continuously expanding due to various technological advancements in this field hence it becomes highly important that suitable legislations should be framed for the proper and efficient regulation of subject. If we consider present perspective there is no subject specific regulation that governs 1Artificial Intelligence, Encyclopædia Britannica (2024), https://www. britannica.
com/technology/artificialintelligence (last visited Dec. 1, 2024).
Artificial Intelligence and is governed by various scattered provisions. Only European Union has passed legislation currently for the governance of AI in 2023. Legislative provisions should be developed in tune with technological advancements so that one should not act as barrier for other. Literature Review Internationally, various authors and researchers have done their research work in the area of Artificial Intelligence but at the national level, not much work has been done in this field so far as compared to international authors. As a result, the author has reviewed existing literature in this field that can be found in books, journal articles, proceedings, thesis dissertations, reports, and magazines and has tried to find out the research gap. Rosario Girasa his book “Artificial Intelligence as a Disruptive Technology”.
Book elaborately deals with the technical aspect relating to Artificial Intelligence along with setting out what technology can be adopted for improving it in future. Dennis J. baker and Paul H. Robinson in their book “Artificial Intelligence and the Law2” have given a detailed perspective about Artificial Intelligence, and its developmental journey into the present along with giving a glance at the future of Artificial intelligence. Rowena Rodrigues in her article “Legal and Human Rights Issues of AI: Gap Challenges and Vulnerabilities”3 has briefly discussed the legislative gap that has arisen due to the introduction of Artificial intelligence. In contemporary times, Artificial Intelligence has become a subject of critical importance at the national as well as international levels.
In this article, the author has discussed the gaps and challenges in the legal realm and their impact on human rights. The author has chosen ten issues such as algorithmic transparency, cyber security vulnerabilities, unfairness, bias and discrimination, lack of contestability, legal personhood issues, intellectual property issues, adverse effect on workers, privacy and data protection issues, liability for damage, and lack of accountability and described its significance, gaps, and challenges 2Dennis J. baker and Paul H. Robinson, Artificial Intelligence and the Law, (Routledge, New York, 2021).
3 Rowena Rodrigues, “Legal and human rights issues of AI: Gaps, Challenges and Vulnerabilities” 4 Journal of Responsible Technology (2020) Corinne Catherine in her article, “Governing Artificial Intelligence: Ethical, Legal and Technical Opportunities and Challenges”4 has observed that Artificial Intelligence increasingly permeates every aspect of our society, from the critical, like urban infrastructure, law enforcement, banking, healthcare, and humanitarian aid, to the mundane like dating sites. This article discusses the legal framework that is needed to ensure transparency, fairness, and accountability of Artificial Intelligence in high-risk areas. This article is an in-depth analysis of the ethical, legal, regulatory, and technical challenges posed by developing governance regimes for Artificial Intelligence systems.
It also gives a brief overview of recent developments in Artificial Intelligence governance, how much of the agenda for defining Artificial Intelligence regulation, ethical frameworks, and technical approaches are set, as well as provides some concrete suggestions to further the debate on Artificial Intelligence governance. Mirjana Stankovic, Ravi Gupta in their article “Exploring Legal, Ethical and Policy Implications of Artificial Intelligence”5 has aimed at providing a broad overview of key issues arising from the introduction of Artificial intelligence. This paper explains the concept of Artificial Intelligence and how it works. It explains the conceptual framework for designing and developing an Artificial intelligence-based machine. The authors discussed Artificial intelligence’s role in technological innovation.
They also express concern about the necessary public policy that governs Artificial Intelligence powered gazettes. Philip Boucher from the European Parliamentary Research Service has described the functioning of Artificial Intelligence in three stages. His research “How Artificial Intelligence Works”6 is a three-part briefing. Giuseppe Contessa, Francesca Lagioia & Giovanni Sartor in their article “Liability and Automation: Legal Issues in Autonomous Cars”7 The author presses on the need to analyze how the decision-making process is split between humans and machines, and critically revise the way tasks, roles, and liabilities are allocated. It is further discussed how the introduction of 4 Corinne Cath, “Governing Artificial Intelligence: Ethical, Legal and Technical Opportunities and Challenges” Royal Society 376 (2018). 5 Mirjana Stankovic, Ravi Gupta.
, “White Paper on Exploring Legal, Ethical and Policy Implications of ArtificialIntelligence” LJD 4 (2017)
6 Philip Boucher, “How Artificial Intelligence Works” EPRS 634 (2019).
7 Giuseppe Contissa, Francesca Lagioia, “Liability and Automation
Legal Issues in Autonomous Cars”, 20 Network Industries Quarterly (2018). different levels of automation gives rise to a redistribution of tasks between humans and automation and, therefore, a reallocation of the liability burden between the user and the manufacturer. Statement of Problem Technology related to Artificial Intelligence is rapidly evolving day by day. Currently it has passed the level of assistance and has entered into the self-generation or self-reproduction phase where one AI is Generating or reproducing another AI. If any technology is constantly developing then it becomes very crucial that efficient governing mechanism should also be developed at the same phase but if current situation is analyzed properly then it appears that most of the countries don’t have any dedicated provision for its governance barring European Union.
Authors Current Articles ponders over this problem only and Author has tried in his best of efforts to provide some coherent solutions relating to it. As a technology how so, good it may be it is not governed properly then it will not provide desired results and can sometimes be counterproductive. Hypothesis Existing legal provisions relating to Artificial Intelligence are not sufficient in view of present technological advancements in the field which needs to be more comprehensive subject specific. Through this paper author tries to prove this hypothesis. Defining Intelligence Defining intelligence is a very difficult task. As everyone has his or her own parameters to define it based on his or her own experiences and views. According to the encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence ‘Intelligence is the ability to reason and to profit by experience.
An individual’s level of intelligence is determined by a complex interaction between their heredity and environment’8. If we go by the dictionary meaning intelligence refers to ‘the exercise of understanding, intellectual power, acquired knowledge and quickness of intellect. ’ 9
8 Colin Mcintosh, Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, (The Macmillan Co., NY 2013).
9 Juan Ramón Rabuñal Dopico, Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence, (2008)
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCEIN PRESENT TIMES “[AI] is going to change the world more than anything in the history of mankind. More than electricity. ”—10Dr. Kai-Fu Lee From myths and fables to realistic Humanoid robots like SOPHIA by Hanson Robotics who can express feelings and communicate like a human, the journey of the development of Artificial Intelligence has been remarkable. Innovations needs to kept doing in a sustained manner for proper development of this field. From robots to voice assistants like Alexa, Artificial Intelligence is advancing at an accelerated rate. The day is not far when human-being will have manmade companions like febia, syronges etc. Someday, Artificial Intelligence and humankind might coexist in a fashion where it will be very difficult to differentiate between humans and humanoids.
Artificial Intelligence is profoundly changing society in ways we could never have predicted. From unlocking our smart phones to our day-to-day activities, it is holding on fast to us in every aspect of our lives. Though the concept of Artificial Intelligence was first discussed in the early 1950s, laying the groundwork for many computers learning and complex decision-making processes, it is only now that this field of technology is gaining traction. It is indisputable that the technology sector has seen a wide range of changes over the years. Artificial intelligence has proven to be invaluable at every stage. Many jobs have been automated as a result, reducing human effort. It has assured everyone that there is still more to come in the future.
Different types of artificial intelligence We can distinguish two types of Artificial Intelligence based on the functions and abilities it provides. The first is weak Artificial Intelligence, also referred to as narrow Artificial Intelligence, which is made to do a specific work, like identifying faces, operating Internet searches, performing self-driving operations in vehicles. Many current systems that claim to use Artificial Intelligence are most likely weak Artificial Intelligence that focuses on a narrowly defined specific function. Although this weak Artificial Intelligence appears to be beneficial to human life, some people believe it could be dangerous if it malfunctions. The longterm objective of many researchers is to create powerful artificial intelligence, also k 10The Future of AI: How Artificial Intelligence Will Change the World available at: https://builtin.
com/artificialintelligence/artificial-intelligence-future/ (last visited on April 2 2022) nown as artificial general intelligence (AGI), which is the theoretical intelligence of a machin e that can comprehend or learn any intellectual work that a human can accomplish, helping th em to solve the issue at hand. Even if limited artificial intelligence may do better than humans in certain tasks like chess or problem solving, its influence is currently rather small. However, in almost every cognitive job, artificial general intelligence has the potential to surpass huma n performance. Strong Artificial Intelligence is a different view of it in which it can be programmed to act like a human mind, to be intelligent in whatever task it is given, and even to have perception, beliefs, and other cognitive abilities normally only attributed to humans.
Legal provisions governing Artificial Intelligence TThe currentT regulatoryI structure, both at the national and international levels, is in sufficient to address and manage the wide range of ethicalI and legal challenges that raise today and will rise in the future. The applicable regulatory framework that applies to ArtificialIIntelligence, either directly or indirectly, in terms of liability issues and the development of a standard are as follows: The UN Convention on the use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts, Even if no natural person reviewed each of the system’s individual actions or the resulting contract, 11Article 12 of the 2005 UN Convention on the Use of Electronic Communication in International Contracts recognizes the validity and enforceability of contracts formed as a result of automated message systems actions.
In such instances, determining the liability of the principal and agent with respect to third parties becomes problematic, especially if the electronic agent is at fault. The United Nations Guiding Principles on the Business and Human Rights 2011 Principles 1 to 10 of the United Nations Guiding Principles serve as a global standard for state and companies to respect human rights12 and Principles 11-24 gives recommendations for assessing, preventing, and responding to human rights abuses related to business activities. 11The United Nations Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts, 2005, art. 12. 12United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights 2011, Principles 1-10.
13 The parameters of human rights due diligence are defined by Principle 15. The United
Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights can be applied to the development of Artificial Intelligence by obliging enterprises to execute ‘human rights due diligence’ while deploying and developing Artificial Intelligent technologies to prevent human rights violations. Principle 25 provides provisions for effective remedies in case of Artificial Intelligence have adverse impacts on human rights. 14 OECD Principles on Artificial Intelligence 2019 While fostering innovative and trustworthy Artificial Intelligence that respects democratic values, human rights, and the rule of law, the ‘Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)’ Artificial Intelligence Principles establish the first intergovernmental standard, consisting of five value-based principles.
These standards supplement current OECD standards on digital security risk management, privacy, and responsible business conduct, and have been implemented by OECD member countries as well as additional countries. G20 Principals 2019 The G20 Artificial Intelligence principles, which have been accepted by G20 nations, support responsible and trustworthy Artificial Intelligence based on human centered values. They are based on the OECD Principles and recommendations. These principles talk about the steps that can be adopted for developing responsible and trustworthy Artificial Intelligence along with focusing on the need for developing national policies and international cooperation.
United Nations Regulation of Automated Lane – Keeping Systems (ALKS) The Regulation’s objective is to provide consistent requirements for vehicle certification in relation to Automated Lane Keeping Systems (here in after referred as ‘ALKS’). The Vienna Convention on road traffic 1968 defines Lane as any one of the parts into which the carriageway is divisible, each sufficient in width for one moving line of vehicles15 Without additional driver input, ALKS regulates the vehicle’s lateral and longitudinal
13 Ibid
14 Ibid
15 Supra note 5, art1(g)
movement over lengthy periods of time. ALKS is a vehicle control system in which the activated system is in primary control. The resolution defines Automated Lane-Keeping System (ALKS) for low-speed application is a system that is activated by the driver and which keeps the vehicle within its lane for a traveling speed of 60 km/h or less by controlling the lateral and longitudinal movements of the vehicle for extended periods without the need for further driver input16. Within this Regulation, ALKS is also referred to as ‘the system’. European Union Artificial Intelligence Act 2021 The European Commission presented the Artificial Intelligence Act on April 21, 2021, the “EU AI Act” establishes broad guidelines for the development, adoption, and use of Artificial Intelligence driven products, services, and systems across the European Union’s borders17.
The proposed law establishes fundamental Artificial Intelligence regulations that apply across all industries. “The EU AI Act” establishes a detailed product safety framework based on a set of four risk categories. Different Risks mentioned are limited risk, high risk, minimal risk, and an unacceptable risk. European Union Artificial Intelligence Act 2023 European Union after detailed deliberations again passed detailed provisions for comprehensive governance of artificial intelligence. Key areas on which the proposed legislation focuses are as follows – Key elements of the proposed Artificial Intelligence Act included: High-Risk AI Systems: The act focused on AI systems deemed high-risk, placing strict regulations on their development, deployment, and use. This includes mandatory conformity assessments and compliance with specified requirements.
Transparency and Accountability: The proposal emphasized the importance of transparency, ensuring that users are aware when they are interacting with an AI system. It also highlighted 16 United Nations Economic and Social Council, Uniform provisions concerning the approval of vehicles with regard to Automated Lane Keeping Systems, art. 2. 1 17 Mauritz Kop “EU Artificial Intelligence Act: The European Approach to AI” transatlantic antitrust and IPR developments (2021). the need for accountability to address potential biases and errors. Data Governance: The act aimed to ensure that AI systems comply with data protection rules, particularly the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Enforcement and Penalties: The proposal included provisions for strong enforcement mechanisms and penalties for non-compliance.
As compared to countries like the United States of America, European Union or China there is no specific legislation relating to the regulation of Artificial Intelligence India and it is basically governed by provisions under the constitution and allied acts like Consumer Protection Act 2019, Information technology Act 2000, etc. Liability of Artificial Intelligence Entities and issue of Personhood It is a long-standing debate whether personhood status should be given to artificial intelligence or not. Sustained solution should also be found as to liability of artificial intelligence entities as they are becoming more and more autonomous in nature. Human’s reliance on Artificial Intelligence technologies has grown significantly in recent years. It has been a long-held ambition of humanity, both in fiction and philosophy.
There is barely any field of ordinary life that has remained untouched by it, from Automated Vehicles to drones, from computer science to medical science, and from artificially intelligent assistants on phones to artificially intelligent attorneys everywhere Artificial Intelligence has occupied significant space. It has made life easier, better, and more efficient for humans, saving time and energy but along with it, it has also raised a number of legal issues. Liability is one of the issues which have raised many concerns. The liability aspect comes within the purview of three laws mainly that is administrative law, civil law, and criminal liability. Administrative Law Legal issues related to liability of artificial entities and if we specifically talk about Autonomous Vehicles belong to the scope of mainly three branches of law.
One of them is administrative law, which includes especially road traffic law in general which covers among other issues such as certification and licensing, technical controls, road traffic rules, etc. The most important legal implications related to autonomous driving in the area of administrative law are as: Does autonomous driving have to require a special driving license? If so, shall it be national or international? Shall an Autonomous Vehicle driver be required to have a driving license at all? Will be any age requirements for Autonomous vehicle users? If an Autonomous Vehicle violates a traffic rule, does it have to self‐report to authorities? Should there be an external indicator on the vehicle when autonomous driving is engaged? Civil Liability Civil law covers a wide range of legal challenges related to Artificial Intelligence.
Some of the head under which civil liability can be attributed are as follows - Liability based on Respondeat Superior This doctrine was developed in Rome and premises around Praetor’s Edict which says that slaveholders and be held liable for any acts of slaves who were to represent them. This presumes that if both Artificial Intelligence and slaves have parallel status it can be presumed that damages caused by the actions of Artificial Intelligence should be compensated by its owner that is developer or the legal person on whose behalf it acts. Liability under theory of agency Developer creates Artificial Intelligent system. Licensee installs the software and uses it. He activates it for a purpose and then intelligent software system uses its learning and autonomous properties to accomplish task.
Thus, in a way agency relationship is created but it also fails in case of fully autonomous artificial entities Product related liability Product liability can be covered under tort law that is negligence which arises when the manufacturer owes duty of care and is negligent. It also has certain limitations like in case of contributory negligence damages can be reduced as happened in cases of Ferguson v. Bombardier Service Corp18. where damage to plane was done due to improper loading and
18 244 F. App'x 944 (11th Cir. 2007),
hence damages were reduced. Similarly in Nelson v. American Airlines, Inc 19 liabilities were reduced when inference was shown of incidents that could not be prevented, and losses of pure economic in nature cannot be covered. Contract related liability: Contractual remedies can be claimed in case of breach of standards but the problem is that it provides cause-based remedies and is specific in nature. Various cases have been litigated regarding injury caused by autonomous entities like Payne v. ABB Flexible Automation, Inc. 20, and Hills v. Fanuc Robotics Am. , Inc. 21, A paper was published in the German insurance journal by M. N. Schubert which throws light and raised pertinent questions with regard to the civil liability of Autonomous Vehicles. He discussed two possible conceptual approaches that could help to arrive at clear liability guidelines for Autonomous Vehicles.
The first approach is based on compulsory motor third party liability (MPTL) insurance under the regime of strict liability. The second approach, which suggests product liability to be further sharpened, i. e. , the requirement of a product defect, should be omitted. Instead, the manufacturer should be held liable for injury and damage caused by the way goods acted. 22 The main argument for this approach is while Autonomous Vehicles will be much safer than conventional cars; the technology in the product is so complex that there is an uncontrollable residual risk of malfunctioning even when the product is free from defects. Hence, the legislation should introduce an irrefutable presumption of a defect in a highly or fully automated vehicle that causes an accident, unless the manufacturer can prove that the autonomous vehicle functionality was not the cause of the accident.
Criminal Liability . For attributing criminal liability first and foremost question that comes is who would be held liable if an Artificial Intelligence Entity caused harm to a person or property? The second pertinent question which comes is what elements of the crime must be proved when a crime is being committed by an Artificial Intelligence Entity Third question comes if an Artificial Intelligence entity, such as a robot, is found guilty, what consequences will be
19 70 Cal. Rptr. 33 (Cal. Ct. App. 1968)
20 116 F.3d480, No. 96-2248, 1997 WL 311586, *1-*2 (8th Cir. 1997)
4. No. 04-2659, 2010 WL 890223, *1, *4 (E.D. La.2010)
26 M. N. Schubert “Autonomous cars - initial thoughts about reforming the liability regime”, Gen Re Insurance Issues, Cologne, (2015). inflicted on that Artificial Intelligence entity? There is a slew of legal issues that have yet to be resolved. In order to be criminally liable two things need to be proved, one is actus reus and the second is men’s rea which is a mental element. Gabriel Halevy has proposed that AI entities can fulfill the two requirements of criminal liability under three possible models of criminal liability23 (i) Perpetration-by-Another liability model (ii) Natural-Probable Consequence liability model (iii) The Direct liability model Ascribing criminal liability on Artificial Entities can be understood using the following three situations.
Perpetration-by-Another liability model: When Artificial Intelligence is acting as an innocent agent In this model Artificial Intelligence entity is assumed to be an innocent agent acting on the user’s instructions. In this situation, criminal liability may occur as a result of the producer’s purposeful programming to commit an offense for example a programmer designs software of a robot. He intentionally places it in front of his enemy’s house to torch his empty house at night. The robot committed the offense but the programmer is deemed to be the perpetrator’. or the user’s usage of the Artificial Intelligence entity to perform the crime like in situation ‘The user buys a robot and instructs the robot to assault any third person. Here, the robot does not apply its intelligence and experience, and simply follows the master.
Here in the first case only the programmer will be held liable and in the second case, the only user will be liable. 24 Natural-Probable Consequence liability model: Liability in cases when Artificial Intelligence acts as a semi-innocent agent: 23 Gabriel Hallevy, “The Criminal Liability of Artificial Intelligence Entities - from Science Fiction to Legal Social Control” Akron Law journal, (2016) 24 Ankit Kumar Padhy,”Criminal liability of artificial intelligence entites” Nirma University Law Journal, 8, (2019).
In this situation, criminal culpability can arise in two ways: first, as a result of the producer’s negligence or recklessness in creating the Artificial Intelligence entity, and second, as a natural and probable consequence of the user’s action. Example for the first case– A puts the car on auto pilot and starts listening to music. The Artificial Intelligence misjudges the speed of an opposite car and crashes into it, resulting in the loss of human life and property. The misjudgment was because of the faulty programming of the producer25. For example, in the second case- A buys a particular robot and instructs it to torch a house ‘B’. In an attempt to torch house ‘B’, the robot also torches its immediately neighboring house ‘C’ and there is a loss of human life and property therein.
Although A did not intend torching house ‘C’ or killing anyone, such results can be said to be the natural and probable consequence of his act which he could have reasonably foreseen. The producer would be liable in the first situation. The end user would be held liable in the second scenario26. The Direct liability model: When Artificial Intelligence is acting as an independent entity or fully autonomous This situation is related to the circumstances in the future when fully autonomous entities attain cognitive abilities and could act in a fully autonomous manner and if at this level it commits crimes it will be solely held liable. Conclusion Technology relating to Artificial intelligence is developing at a very rapid phase and legal infrastructure relating to it seems to fall sort off.
For sustained development of Artificial Intelligence both needs to be developed at the same phase else one will start acting as barrier for other. Legal issues and impediments need to be settled so that technological developments are guided in a constructive manner. As currently all the laws relating to Artificial Intelligence whether at national or international level seems to be scattered and shows dire necessity of more dedicated legislations. Suggestions • Regulatory frameworks around the world today need to be developed in tune with 25Weston Kowert, The Foreseeability of Human- Artificial Intelligence Interactions, 96 TEX. L. REV. 181 (2017)
26 Ibid
technological developments. • Since Artificial Intelligence cannot be caged within traditional territories of nations hence effort should be made to develop legislations which can provide effective solutions at Transnational level also. Due cooperation should be made for this at intergovernmental levels. At present only European Union proposed and attempted to reregulate it through specially dedicated Act of 2023. • Public Perception plays a very important role in the success of any innovation and technology hence adequate steps and programs should be floored so that people are not hesitant about adopting it. As common perception relating to artificial intelligence is that it will result in lob losses etc. • Technological and legal assistance should be provided from developed countries to developing ones as Technology transfer is very crucial for technology development.
• Technology related to Artificial Intelligence should be used only in constructive purpose both by public and authorities.