‘Mens Rights In India - Let’s Hear Him’. Understanding Men’s Rights In Contemporary India
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Category: General Law
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‘MENS RIGHTS IN INDIA: LET’S HEAR HIM’.
UNDERSTANDING MEN’S RIGHTS IN CONTEMPORARY
INDIA
Monika G, School of law, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) University Chennai campus, Vandalur road Kelambakkam Chennai- 600127, India Arun D Raj, Assistant Professor VIT School of Law, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) University Chennai campus, Vandalur road Kelambakkam Chennai- 600127, India
ABSTRACT
With an emphasis on gender equality, this research study critically examines the legislative safeguards for men's rights in India. The Indian legal system is still insufficient and dispersed, which prevents men from having proper protection and redress despite the growing conversation on men's rights. The principal aim of this study is to conduct a critical analysis of the current legal rules concerning men's rights in India, evaluate its efficacy, pinpoint any shortcomings or difficulties, and investigate the intersectionality of Men's rights and gender equality. The goal of the study is to offer suggestions for bolstering the legal framework to defend men's rights and advance gender equality. The study will be carried out by carefully reviewing the body of existing research, laws, and court rulings. Then a thorough examination of both primary and secondary materials.
The purpose of this study is to support the expanding conversation in India about gender equality and men's rights, including a thorough examination of the legal structure and reform suggestions. By examining how gender equality intersects with men's rights, this research aims to advance a more fair and inclusive view of gender and the law. Conversations about gender equality are common, yet the Indian constitution remains unrealistic. While it’s true that there was a time when the government needed to integrate specific provisions for women to guarantee equality, certain laws are overtly biased against men. We aspire to envision a 2030 world that has realized gender equality, a planet that is balanced at 50:50. Keywords: Men’s Rights, Laws, Constitution, Gender Equality, Legal Protections, Human Rights.
1. Introduction
The Indian legal system has mostly prioritized defending women's rights in the fight for gender equality, frequently ignoring the difficulties and worries of men. Men confront a number of obstacles despite being an essential component of society, such as custody disputes, stigma around mental health, gender-based violence, and sexual abuse. The terms "sexual harassment" and "sexual harassment of women" are inherently interchangeable. Male sexual harassment is largely unreported in our country. Meninism refers to the rights of males that are founded on equality and basic decency. at the current democratic environment, some women legally mistreat some men, putting their safety and freedom at jeopardy, save from a few isolated cases. Justice is being compromised due to biased beliefs that seek specific outcomes unfavourable to men.
Every individual possesses access to human rights, including men, equally and without differentiation, except in cases of justifiable classification, protective discrimination, and similar factors[1]. However, these provisions imply that men are not vulnerable to such crimes. Although the legal framework is built on good intentions, it has unintentionally reinforced gender bias, which results in insufficient legal protection for men. This research intends to investigate the overlooked rights of men in India, scrutinizing the existing legal safeguards, societal roles, and the stigma that leads to the infringement of their basic rights.
By reviewing the current legal structure, relevant case law, and scholarly works, this study aims to pinpoint deficiencies and obstacles, ultimately suggesting strategies for developing a more inclusive and effective legal system that addresses the issues faced by all genders[2]. The Indian legal system historically prioritized women’s rights, neglecting the rights and concerns of men, including their experiences of sexual harassment. Women today help contribute to every aspect of way of life, and while they face violence from all around, they can also be one of the greatest harbingers of violence themselves. The pervasive brutality and violence committed against men are often unreported, not least because victims are typically too afraid of being mocked by their society or peers.
2. Historical context of Men’s Rights in India
2.1. 1990s and Early 2000s
Men's rights movement in India started in the 1990s when major organizations were formed in major metropolitan cities like Kolkata, Mumbai, and Lucknow. Perito Purush, Purush Hakka
San Rakshan Samiti, and Patni At achaar Virodhi Morcha were some of the earliest organizations to promote men's rights. They were concerned about husbands' rights and protested the misuse of the Section 498A of the Indian Penal Code, which had been passed to curb dowry harassment. Over time, a helpline was also established to assist males who believed they were being victimized. When the men's rights movement achieved a significant milestone in March 2005, the Save Indian Family Foundation (SIFF) was established. SIFF, which is an alliance of several organizations that support family rights, has been instrumental in bringing attention to issues that affect males. SIFF organized the first such commemoration of International Men's Day in India on November 19, 2007[3].
2.2. 2006-2010: Raising Awareness and Legal Struggles:
During this time frame, men’s rights organizations began to contest the media's portrayal of men. For instance, in September 2008, SIFF lodged a complaint against a Kit ply advertisement featuring a wife hitting her husband. The group contended that such imagery encouraged violence towards men. Similar grievances were raised regarding ads from Pond’s and ICICI Prudential that trivialized verbal and financial abuse against men. In 2009, a non-governmental organization named Child Rights and Family Welfare was established to advocate for improved child custody regulations for fathers. Also, in 2010,SIFF defended Pakistani cricket player ShoaibMalik when he was accused of prewedding adultery. SIFF called for the return of Malik’s passport and underscored the misuse of Section 498A.
2.3. 2010–2014: Resistance to Gender-Specific Legislation
In September 2012, a proposal from the Ministry of Women and Child Development mandating that husbands allocate a portion of their earnings to their wives faced strong opposition from men's rights groups. These communities approached then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh for intervention. In 2012, Aamir Khan's TV programme Satyamev Jayate was condemned by SIFF as giving an
incomplete picture when reporting on domestic violence. In response, over 15,000 men committed to boycotting the film Talash[4]. By 2014, numerous men’s rights NGOs had surfaced to contest various laws they perceived as unfairly targeting men, such as the Marriage Laws (Amendment) Bill, which proposed the introduction of no-fault divorce. In May 2014, SIFF also released a mobile application named SIF One to aid distressed men and established a nationwide helpline for assistance. Dowry Legislation in India and Its Consequences for Men India has put in place multiple laws to address the issue of dowry, which, despite its illegality, persists in various regions of the country. Nonetheless, activists for men's rights argue that these laws can be misapplied, leading to extortion against husbands and their families.
Such misuse has been associated with instances of suicides among men resulting from overwhelming stress and harassment[5].
2.4. Significant Dowry Legislation
The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961: This legislation categorizes the asking for dowry as a criminal act. According to Section 498A of the Indian Penal Code (IPC), 1983, it is unlawful for husbands or members of their family to treat their wives cruelly. It includes dowry demands as well as other forms of abuse. According to Section 113B of the Indian Evidence Act of 1879, a woman who commits suicide within seven years of marriage due to harassment would be held responsible for her death, along with her husband and any family members.
2.5. Reforms and Challenges
Prior to July 2014, arrests under Section 498A occurred without warrants, frequently resulting in the wrongful imprisonment of innocent individuals. A recent Supreme Court decision now requires a preliminary investigation before an individual can be apprehended. Even with this change, the rate of convictions for Section 498A remains notably low, with only 15% of cases resulting in a guilty verdict[6]. 3.Various aspects of violation of the rights of men
3.1. Domestic Violence
It is hard for most individuals to believe that men also go through domestic abuse like women. The recent survey indicated that 52.4% of the men were affected by gender-based violence. Among the 1000 men surveyed, 10.5% had been violently treated by their intimate partners or husbands in the last 12 months, while 51.5% had been violently treated at least once in their lifetime.52.4% of the spousal violence was emotional abuse, followed by physical abuse at 6%.Since there are no laws that address violence against men, the majority of the cases remain unreported.
3.2. Sexual harassment
In India, it is only women who are victimized by sexual violence, and men are merely offenders. The National Commission for Women conducted a 2022 study, according to which, 1.4% of Indian men had reported cases of sexual harassment and 3,000 cases of sexual assault on men were reported the same year. Furthermore, in 2023, the Centre for Civil Society conducted a survey where nearly 18% of adult Indian men reported being forced or coerced into sex. Bhartiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) 2023, the proposed draft to replace the Indian Penal Code, lacks Section 377 or even such a provision, as interpreted by the Supreme Court in 2018. India is now left with no law to protect the rights of men being sexually assaulted[6].
3.3. Abuse of Section 498A of the Indian Penal Code by Women
Section 498A prescribes that any husband or his relatives who ill-treat a woman can be sent to jail for up to three years, along with a fine. The section, being non-bailable and cognizable, has developed a controversial reputation of being abused by aggrieved wives as an instrument of aggression instead of a protective weapon. In 2020, according to the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) report, 111,549 cases were booked under Section 498A. Of these, 5,520 were proved to be false by the police, and 16,151 cases were withdrawn on the basis of errors in facts or law, dearth of evidence, or civil matters. These facts render Section 498A one of the most abused sections of the IPC, bringing immense agony to men.
3.4. False Accusations
A chain of unfounded allegations of abuse against males has been fueled by the pervasive
perception that men are born offenders and women are always victims. Based on NCRB figures, roughly 74% of rape charges filed under Section 376 of the Indian Penal Code are
ultimately found to be false. Also, as per NCRB figures, of the 30,000 molestation cases reported in 2013–2014, 75% were false. Owing to the increase in these false allegations, numerous men have resorted to suicide on account of molestation charges; in India alone, more than 3,500 men reportedly take their own lives every year because of these allegations.
3.5. Custodial Rights
Men are discriminated against when attempting to gain custody over their children. They are mostly excluded from any interaction with the child, which leads to a range of issues including distraction, picking up bad habits, and even depression. The ex-wife usually refuses the father visitation rights in most instances. Apart from this, the father is often compelled to pay huge maintenance figures to the wife and child, once again proving the gender disparity within the law. A good example is Indian cricketer Mr. Shikhar Dhawan, who, although granted official visitation rights, came out to say that he has not heard from his son for over a year owing to the fact that he has been blocked everywhere[7]. 4.How to safeguard rights of men?
4.1. Implications of Gender-Neutral Laws
In the present scenario, when both men and women suffer from domestic violence, sexual assault, and false accusations, it is important to study the impact of gender-neutral laws that equally recognize and protect men's rights as well as women's rights. Gender-neutral laws would not only simplify the legal procedure but also offer a holistic view of the rights of both men and women. This strategy would create a culture in which both sexes are able to identify their rights and lodge complaints when those rights are violated.
4.2. Prioritizing Men's Rights
There are many such cases where men face shame, disrespect, and inferiority because society usually accuses them of being guilty before even going to court. Also, media channels, social media, and the internet tend to believe false allegations against men at face value and indulge in public abuse without looking at the whole situation. This emphasizes the need to focus on men's rights.
4.3. Preliminary inquiry prior to intervention
In many instances, a man is arrested solely upon the statement of a woman without investigation into the accuracy of the information, and it results in an abundance of false allegations that seek to strip a man of his dignity and reputation. Furthermore, many men are dismissed from work on account of unsubstantiated accusations filed by coworkers in their places of employment without prior investigation. Thus, a quick examination of the facts and details involved in such cases can assist in reducing the number of fraudulent claims and create a just environment for men too[8].
4.4. Establishment of forums for men
The rights of men are infringed upon just as those of women are. A forum akin to the National Commission for Women ought to be created for men. The Supreme Court declined to consider a Public Interest Litigation that sought to establish guidelines to address the rising suicide rates among married men experiencing domestic abuse and the formation of a 'National Commission for Men' to address such issues.
4.5. Creating awareness
Approximately 33.2% of men ended their lives due to family-related issues, and 4.8% because of marital problems in 2021. The numbers continue to climb, yet many individuals remain unaware of the struggles faced by men due to limited awareness of men’s rights. Consequently, it is crucial to increase public understanding to mitigate the violation of men’s rights[9]. 5.Legal rights of men in India
5.1. Men’s Rights in Marriage and Divorce
The advocates for men’s rights in India argue that the regulations concerning divorce and child custody favour women. They assert that this situation enables ex-wives to prevent fathers from visiting their children for extended durations. They contend that alimony should not be awarded if the wife is the main wage earner and that the legal system should recognize men's abilities to raise children. In India, fathers are granted custody of children primarily when mothers are deemed mentally unfit or have abandoned the child. Currently, the regulations governing custody during divorce proceedings are dictated by two pieces of legislation: the Guardians and Wards Act of 1890
and the Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act of 1956. However, neither of these laws includes clauses for shared parenting or joint custody arrangements. According to the Evidence Act of 1872, children born during a marriage or within 280 days of marriage termination are regarded as legitimate and have the right to receive child support and inherit property. Presently, DNA tests for paternity do not take precedence over this statute. Courts may still dismiss genetic proof and require a non-biological parent to provide child support. An organization named Children’s Rights Initiative for Shared Parenting has called for improved laws regarding child access and labelled the existing custody regulations as discriminatory based on gender. They are advocating for revisions to the Guardians and Wards Act to enforce shared parenting as compulsory[10].
5.2. Gender bias in Indian legal system
Individuals often possess implicit biases associated with diverse social categories, with gender being one of them. Other categories encompass race, religion, ethnicity, and social class. While it's crucial to acknowledge the various types of bias, examining gender bias can serve as an effective starting point for understanding bias in a broader sense. This is mainly due to the fact that gender bias tends to be relatively stable; meaning that across the globe and throughout historical records, women and men have faced different (and often unequal) treatment in societies. Moreover, since families typically consist of a balanced number of men and women, individuals frequently find it easier to reflect on their experiences in relation to those of opposite-gender relatives.
Within family dynamics, people can also observe how concepts of gender roles for males and females shift from one generation to the next. The National Judicial Education Program in the United States highlights three main components of gender bias: • Stereotypical beliefs regarding the characteristics and responsibilities of women and men Various implicit beliefs about the inherent traits of women and men stem from stereotypes that have no scientific backing. These beliefs influence expectations about how each gender should act and the roles they ought to fulfil within society. • Underestimating the value of tasks deemed as "women's work" Work that is compensated, usually done by men, tends to be regarded as more valuable than unpaid care work, which is predominantly undertaken by women and often goes
unacknowledged. • Insufficient awareness of the social and economic contexts of both women's and men's lives Those in key decision-making roles frequently lack insight into the realities lived by women and men who are most impacted by their choices. For instance, a male judge may not understand the experiences of a stay-at-home mother. Even a female judge who is a mother may struggle to grasp the situations of other mothers or comprehend the reasons behind their differing decisions. Gender bias appears in various forms across different legal sectors. The subsequent sections of this handbook will delve into how gender bias influences law application in several of these distinct areas[11]. 6.
Men’s mental health and its effects of legal consequences Individuals who are involved in lengthy court cases, particularly defendants or those who stand to lose a loved one (as in custody disputes over children), often report that these lengthy legal battles have impacted their mood adversely. Though study has largely concerned the victim's mental well-being (particularly the way mental health worsens throughout criminal proceedings, particularly in cases of assault victims), the influence of the procedures of the law itself has received insufficient consideration. Gutierrez de Pineres-Botero, Coronel, and Andres-Perez (2009) have also conducted research based on the concept of secondary victimization from the perspective of the victim. As per Pearson (2007), criminal victims become victims of the criminal justice system and suffer disturbing situations caused by it.
Victims, their families and friends, communities, caregivers, and offenders are all affected by this issue (Palacio, 2001). From the offender's viewpoint, role theory within symbolic interactionism demonstrates how the criminal justice system labels criminals as delinquents or aggressors, greatly raising the chances of repeated convictions despite the lack of repeated offenses[12]. Nevertheless, the sphere of legal disputes is not limited solely to criminal law; child custody cases exemplify the complexity of differentiating between victim and offender. Similarly, the term plaintiff should not be equated to victim, nor should defendant be synonymous with aggressor. This lack of clarity has encouraged explorations like Gardner’s (1985) parental
alienation syndrome (PAS), which claims the plaintiff acts as the aggressor, a statement that does not hold firm scientific backing[13].
7. Societal expectations and gender roles for men
7.1. Domestic violence against men
In India, even with available information on domestic violence experienced by men, there remains a widespread belief that such incidents only affect women. A research project sponsored by the Indian Council of Medical Research, which took place over one year in Rohtak, Delhi, revealed that among 1000 male participants, 515 reported experiencing violence from their wives. The largest percentage (49. 6%) indicated they faced emotional abuse, while smaller numbers reported physical abuse (0. 6%) and sexual abuse (0. 4%). Additionally, the National Health Family Survey conducted in 2005-2006 indicated that around 60 lakh women had engaged in physical violence against their husbands without any cause. Nonetheless, men tend to encounter violence more often from their wife's family or relatives rather than from the wives themselves.
When considering this type of violence, the figures escalate to a staggering
3 crore instances of domestic violence against men in India.
It is both disappointing and tragic that despite the Preamble, recognized as part of the Constitution in the Kesavan Anda Bharati v. State of Kerala case, which emphasizes Justice and Equality, men in society have been historically subjected to discrimination based on their gender and have been denied proper access to justice. While the law has been established to address domestic violence against women through the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act of 2005, there is no equivalent legal framework in place for men[14].
7.2. Men as victims of false accusations
Men comprise a notable portion of those affected by domestic and family violence, and the available statistics often reveal that male victims tend to underreport their experiences. Men who have faced violence from their partners are 2 to 3 times more inclined than women to keep such incidents to themselves. Another challenge in recognizing male victims is that many men may not recognize their situations as abusive, given that domestic violence has traditionally been portrayed as predominantly affecting women.
Data from the one in three website and associated infographic indicate that over 1 in 3 individuals murdered in domestic circumstances were male (35. 2%). Further information from this source indicates that in certain categories, males experience victimization more frequently than females. For instance, during the previous year of the survey: - Nearly half of those suffering emotional abuse from a partner were male (45. 8%). - 13. 8% of men who underwent emotional abuse from a current partner reported being deprived of essential needs like food, shelter, rest, or assistive devices, while this applied to 6. 4% of women. - 8. 9% of men enduring emotional abuse from a current partner reported threats of losing their child/ren, compared to 4. 6% of women. - 38.
5% of men who faced emotional abuse from a former partner noted that their partner lied to their child/ren to cause division, in contrast to 25. 1% of women. These figures do not align with the narrative often presented by the ‘family violence industry’ that seeks additional funding. Though men represent a considerable segment of the population affected by domestic violence, they are largely overlooked as victims, as noted in this inquiry. Government initiatives, such as the Commonwealth’s ‘The National Plan to Reduce Violence against Women and their Children 2010 – 2022,’ tend to fully disregard women as the aggressors in cases of abuse toward men. These programs will struggle to effectively tackle domestic violence without acknowledging that women form a significant group of offenders and men constitute a major group of victims[15].
8. Do laws protecting men have the same level of strength as those protecting women?
The Indian Constitution promises certain rights, called fundamental rights, to men and women. The freedom of expression, association, and religion, peaceful assembly, equality before the law, and constitutional remedies are all illustrations of such rights. But the legislature has also introduced special rules and provisions applicable specifically to women only. They have been well chosen for the purpose of safeguarding women. and are in conflict with men directly or indirectly. It's absolutely fine to have laws explicitly for women; the question arises, are laws explicitly for men too? Men's rights are important as the discriminatory Indian legal system
enables rampant misuse of "pro-women" legislation and deprives men of similar rights as those of women. The provisions of Sections 498A, 307, 312, 354, 375, 376, and 377 of the Indian Penal Code, amongst others, have been increasingly utilized to coerce men[16]. Men's rights activists allege that the large majority of cases brought under the above-referenced headings are bogus, initiated simply in order to harass males, and have yielded nothing but monetary settlement. The following are only a few of the numerous laws and rules created to safeguard women: 1961's Dowry Prohibition Act. The 1986 Act on the Indecent Representation of Women. The 1976 Equal Remuneration Act. The 2005 Domestic violence Act. Traffic Prevention Act of 1956: Immoral. The 2013 Act on the Prevention, Prohibition, and Redress of Sexual Harassment of Women in the Workplace. The 1961 Maternity Benefit Act. etc.
Nevertheless, a careful analysis of the relevant legislation shows that they are so strong that women do not even need to present their case in court. For instance, males may be imprisoned under section 498 A of the IPC simply for filing a complaint. It states that if a spouse or any of their relatives commits any act of cruelty toward their spouse, they could be imprisoned for up to three years and fined. despite the fact that violence against men can and does occur among women. Since there is no law in India that requires punishment for such offenses, the rule has been abused due to the absence of genderneutral laws that forbid cruelty to an innocent person's defence against section 498A, which is a much more difficult-to-achieve non-bailable offense. To protect the husband and his family from the wife's abuse, a comparable set of guidelines is needed.
There have been several forms of abuse in this area. These kinds of situations should
be avoided by enforcing gender-neutral regulations. In India, the term "rape" has come to refer to an act that only men are capable of committing. But the truth is that such horrible crimes have been committed against both men and transgender individuals. Since the IPC has no provisions to address rape committed by a woman, it makes no difference if the man files an official complaint against it[17]. 9. The difficulties that men must confront due to the misuse of law against them Not just men, but their entire families endure the fallout of fabricated accusations. In Indian culture, where respect and reputation matter greatly, any association with false claims can lead to their community shunning them, compounding their hardship. False allegations, including those related to dowry, rape, and infidelity, can destroy all that a person has accomplished.
Consequently, both the man and his relatives experience social ostracism and disgrace. The man suffers socially, financially, and psychologically. Abruptly, he finds that friends and family no longer trust him. The loss of jobs or the struggle to secure new employment leads to financial distress. Emotionally, he grapples with depression, as men often lack a safe outlet to share feelings or weep, unlike women. Society pressures men to remain resilient in all circumstances, frequently telling them to "man up. " Unfortunately, this societal expectation often leaves men feeling more isolated at their most vulnerable moments. In many instances, the despair leads men to contemplate suicide, which represents the most tragic outcome when the justice system and society fail to protect the life of an innocent individual[18].
10. Conclusion and suggestions
In short, the advancement of gender equality and men's rights aid necessitates a multidimensional strategy in the shape of social, legal, and cultural reforms. Together, we can break down stereotypes and prejudices to form a fairer and more inclusive society that respects and cares for all individuals with no regard to gender. Apart from helping achieve this aim, the conclusions and recommendations of the study hope to initiate more activity and discussion about men's rights in India. There is an urgent need for a gender-neutral remedy that helps to overcome the obstacles and prejudice confronted by both genders, as identified by the research on men's rights in India. Some practical recommendations presented below are aimed at reducing the challenges confronted:
1. We can have a more just society that treats and respects all individuals equally by advocating
gender equality and eliminating gender stereotypes. This essay intends to advocate the cause of gender equality by illuminating the intricacies of issues concerning men's rights in India. 2. Amendment of Sections 85 and 86 of the Bhartiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (BNS): Genderneutral the law by identifying men as victims of dowry abuse and domestic violence. Put in place sanctions for making false statements in order to stop the abuse of the legislation.
3. Enacting a Men's Protection Act: This would provide victims of economic exploitation,
psychological abuse, and domestic violence more legal options for men.- Set up a national commission focused on men’s welfare to address their concerns.
4. The Hindu Marriage Act of 1955 (HMA, 1955) was amended.
Add provisions related to joint custody of children and property in marriage to safeguard men's rights. - Create a gender-neutral revision of the Section 24 HMA, 1955 wording regarding the restoration of marital rights.
5. Formation of a National Fatherhood Commission
Tackle problems related to child custody, visitation privileges, and financial support for children. - Create a forum for fathers to express their issues and pursue legal remedies.
6. Examination of the Dowry Prohibition Act
Strengthen the law by enforcing harsher penalties for requesting or providing dowries. - Enact a penalty for false allegations to avoid the abuse of law.
8. Creation of a Gender-Neutral Domestic Violence Law
Replace the current Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act (PWDVA) with an act that protects all genders for domestic violence.
See to it that the law provides equal protection and assistance to male and female victims.
9. Launch of a Witness Protection Initiative
Safeguard those who testify and file complaints in matters of gender-related violence and discrimination. - Guarantee their protection and well-being to motivate them to give evidence without fear of backlash.
10. Awareness and Training for Law Enforcement Personnel
Conduct ongoing training sessions and awareness initiatives for police and judiciary members to properly address cases of gender violence. - Ensure they understand the laws and regulations that uphold men’s rights.
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