ALIJAN MIAN AND ANOTHER v. DISTRICT MAGISTRATE, DHANBAD

Citation: [1983] 3 S.C.R. 939

Court: Supreme Court of India

Bench: A.P. SEN, E.S. VENKATARAMIAH, R.B. MISRA

Case summary

Preventive detention is an anticipatory measure and does not relate to an offence while t~e criminal proceedings are to punish a person for an offence committed by him....

Judgment text

ALIJAN MIAN AND ANOTHER v. DISTRICT MAGISTRATE, DHANBAD September 13, 1983 (A. i:'· SEN, E. S. VENKATAAAMJAH AND R. B. MISRA JJ. ] National security Act, 1980 (Act 6~ of1980)-0rders of detention, passed under sub-section (2) ofSection 3 ofthe Act, on the ground that "the subject who is in jail and ;s likely to be releasedon bail, if allowed to be at large, will indulge •• in activities prejudicial to the maintenance of public order"- Whether the detention is bad either on the ground that there was tio c ase made out for apptehension ofbreach ofpublic order or that the criminal proceedings having been initiated, no case ofpreventive detention arises or that the case is one of law and Order and not a case ofpublic order or that there being no al{egation in t~e First lnfonnation Report, the detaining authority cannot inverlt a new ground to fall under sub-section (2) ofsection 3 of tire Act. · Dismissing the petitions, the Court HELD : 1.

The clear words Q(, the detention order show that the detaining authority was al~ve to the fact· that the petitioners wer~ in jail custody on the date of passing of the detention orders, but it was satisfied that if they were enlarged on bail, of whi~h there was every likelihood, they would create problems of public order and, therefore, it was necessary to prevent them from doing so. The position would have been entirely different if the petitioners· were in jail and had to remain in jail for a pretty long time, in which situation there could be no apprehensi,on of breach of public order from them. [944 C-E] . ' ' 2. . Preventive detention is an anticipatory measure and does not relate to an offence while t~e criminal proceedings are to punish a person for an offence committed by him. They are not parallel proceedings.

In the circumstances the peiidency of a criminal prosecution is no bar to an order of preventive detention, nor is an order of preventive detention a bar to prosecution. It is for the detaining authority to have the subjective satisfaction whether in such a case there are sufficient materials to place the person ·under preventive detention in order to prevent him from acting in a manner prejudicial to public • order or the like in future. [944 F-H] K. M. Chokshi v. State ofGujarat, [1979) 4 SCC 14, applied. 3. 1. · The difference between 'law and order' ;ind 'Public order' is noW well settled. Applying the. well settled law enunciated in Fam Ranjan Chatterjee .. ,;. v. The State of West Bengal, [1975] 3 SCR 301, to the two incidents, it is clear tpat throwing a bomb in a large gathering where a cultural programme was going on at the dead of night .

resulting in the public running helter and skelter to save their lives makes out a case of 'public order' inasmuch as it disturbed the tranquillity and the even tempo· of life of the public. Therefore, if the detaiDing authority was satisfied that· the two incidents make out a case of apprehensioii of breach of public order, the detention order can·not be faulted. [945 G; 946 E-G] , Ram Ranjan Chatterjee v. State of West Bengal, [1975] 3 S. C. R. 301 followed. • . iQya Mala v. Home /Secretary, Government of J & K, AIR 1982 SC: 1297, distinguished. .. 3:2. The twO incidents in· the instant case were sufficient for the. detaining authority to initiate proceedings for preventive detention. It is for the detaining authority to have the subjective satisfaction about the apprehension of the breach of public order from the incidents. Even one inciderit may be sufficient to satisfy the detaining authority. It all depends upon tl~e nature of the incident. [947 G-H] • 4.

The absence of an allegation: ·about the disturbance of public order · in the two First ·Information Reports will not affect the position because there was additional material before the detaining authority which i;atisfied him abciut the apprehension of breach of public order from the petitioners in case they were enlarged on bail. (948 C-D] , 'EXTRAORDINJ.. RY ORIGINAL JURISDICTION Writ Petition (Criminal) Nos. 678 and 679 of 1983. (Under article 32 of the Constitution of India) Miss R. Vaigai for the Petitioners. • D. Goburdhan for the Respondent. ,.. The Judgment of the Cour~ was delivered by MISRA J. These two connected petitions seek to challenge the orders of detention dated 2nd December, 1982 passed by the District Magistrate, Dhanbad iri exercise of powers conferred by sub- '• s. (2) of s. 3 of the National Security Act, 1980 (No. 65 of 1980) read with notification No. 3183/C dated 15th of October, 1982 of the Government of Bihar. AL! IAN MJAN v.

DISTRICT MAGISTRATE (Misra, J. ) 941 Alijan Mian, the petitioner in the first petition, is an employee of the Eastern Coalfields Limited working 'at Khudia Colliery as a dumper driver. Jadunandan Sah, the petitioner in the second petition, is also a dumper driver in Gopi Nathpur Colliery. The object of the order of detention as indicated in the impugned order was to prevent the petitioners from acting in any manner prejudicial to the maintenance of public order. The grounds of detention supplied to the petitioners are in identical terms and they are as follows : "!. That on 15/16. 10. 82, at about 2. 30 A. M. the subject alongwith Jadunandan Sa& and 3 others went to . Khudia ·Colliery and dragged one Shri Ram Briksh Chauhan who were witnessing a cultural programme and started assaulting him in presence of large gathering who·were there to see the cultural progralllllle. This created great panic and alarm in the area and adversely affected the public order.

Hearing the cry, : Mussafir Chauhan came there but seeing the subject and his associates engaged in the assault of his brother started running away for his life. The subject and his associates, with an intention to establish criminal supremacy and to kill him threw two bombs on him, resulting in grievous injury to Mussafir Singh. This adversely affected the public order and persons who were witnessing the cultural programme started running helter and skelter for their lives. This refers to Nirsa P. S. Case No. 189 dated 6. 10. 1982 u/s 307/34 IPC, 3/5 Explosive Sub. Act. Thus the subject acted in a manner prejudicial to the maintenance of the public order. 2. That on 8. 11. 82, at about 11. 30 A. M. the subject alongwith Rambriksh Singh, Jadunandan Mahato and Chandra Shekhar Singh armed with bombs, gun, etc. went to the house of Ram Naresh Chauhan in Khudia Colliery.

One of his associates under the direction + and guidance of the subject opened fire 'on Shri Chauhan resulting in grievous injury to him. Opening of gun fire in a thickly populated residental colony of Khudia Colliery created great panic and alarm in ( the area and adversely affected public order. -, This 'A refers to Nirsa P. S. case No. 208 dated 8. 1l. 82 u/s. 307/34 l. P. C. and s. 27 Arms Act. Thus the subject acted in a manner prejudicial to the maintenance of public order. The subject is-in jail and° is likely to be r_eleased on bail. As such the detention order was served in jail. In the circumstances I am satisfied that if he is allow- . ed to remain at large, he will ,indulge· in activities prejudicial to the maintena11ce of public order. For prevc11tion of such activities, I consider his detention necessary. Shri A! ijan Mian is informed that · he may make a representation in writing against the order under which. he has been detained. His representation, if.

any, may be addressed to the. Deputy Secretary, Home (Sp!. ) Department, Govt. of Bibar, Patna and forwarded through the Superintendent of jail, Dhanbad . as early as possible. " ·- ,. - ' . The orders of detention were _sequal to two incidents of 15/16th October and 8th November, 1982 giving rise to two criminal cases, Nirsa P. S. Case No. 189 and Nirsa P. S. Case No. 208 ·of 1982 respectively. The petitioner Alijan Mian was arrested on· 8th November, 1982 while the petitioner Jadunandan Sah was arrested on pth of Noveniber, 1982° in connection with the aforesaid incidents.. -F The petitioners made representation against the order of detention in both the cases and the representations were on the same pattern. Their stand was that they were active members of the union of workers of the colliery, viz.

, the Colliery Mazdoor Sabha There were other _unions in the ·said collieries and due to some interunion rivalry a first infosmation report 'against them was lodged by persons belonging to a rival union: for an alleged offence under ss.. 307/34 IPC and 27A of the Arms Act. In the first' information report it was alleged that on 8th November 'theinformant was shot in his hand near his honse by one Ram Bilas Singh and that at that . H time the petitioners were with the said Ram Bilas Singh. ' Their intention was to kill him becanse he did not participate in the strike in the colliery. In the first information. report regarding the oiher ALIJAN MIAN v. DISTRICT MAGHTRATE (A:isra, J. ) 943 incident under ss. 307/34 JPC and ss. 3/5 of the Explosive Substances Act it was alleged that on the night of 15/16th Oetober. 1982 around 2 A. M. the petitioners were beating the brother of the informant near a school, where some function was going on. On seeing the petitioners in the company.

of others the informant started running but he was chased by others and a bomb· was thrown at his back 1 but be escaped. But Alijan Mian, the petitioner, threw another bomb and the informant was injured at his back and fell. The said persons intended to kill him. The petitioners in both the cases were later on granted bail but tl;e two criminal cases mentioned above are still going on. By an order dated 13th pecember, 1982 the Government approved the detentions order and informed the petitioners by letter . ' dated 30th December, 1982 of the reference of their representation to the Advisory Board asking them to appear in person before the Board. The petitioners appeared in ,person before the Advisory Board. · ,D The . Advisory Board eventually gave an opinion that the order . , of detention was justified. On tbe basis of that report the Govern· ment ordered detention of the petitioners upto 2nd December, 1983.

The petitioners challenged the order of detention by filing writ petitions in the High Court but the same were dismissed in limine. The petitioners instead of filidg an appeal against the order of the High Court rejecting the writ petiiions have chosen to file the present petitions under Art. 32 of the Constitution. The contentions raised on behalf of the petitioners are fourfold : I. The petitioners were in jail when the detention orders were passed, when there was absolutely no apprehension of breach of public order from them. 2. The two incidents on the basis of which the proceedings for preventive detention had been started were already the subject matter of criminal proceedings and in the circumstances the proceedings for preventive detention were absolutely uncalled for. 3. At the most the two in~idents make out a case of law and or ' checked or thwarted, would not provide a ground sufficient for detention under the preventive detention laws.

But it is equally important to bear iu mind that every minor infraction of law cannot be upgraded to the height of an activity prejudicial to the maintenance of public order. If every infraction of law having a penal ... -"'. sanction by itself is a gr~und for detention danger looms large that the normal criminal trials and criminal courts · set up for administering justice will be substituted by detention laws often described as lawless law. " The facts of that case were distinguishable from the facts of the ' · present case. In the present case the detaining authority had the subjective satisfaction that if the petitioners are allowed to remain at large, they will indulge in activities prejudicial to the maintenance of public order. Now the question arises whether the two incidents were snfficient for the detaining authority to initiate proceedingsfor preventive detention.

It is for the detaining authority io have the subjective satisfaction about the apprehension of the breach of the pnblic order from the incidents mentioned above. Even one incident maji be sufficient to satisfy ! he detaining authority. It all depends upon the nature of the incident. In the case in hand the detaining authority was fully satisfied that there was apprehension· of breach of public order from the petitioners in case they were bailed out, of which there was every likelihood. This contention in our opinion has no force. 948 ! SUPREME couk'r REPOR'i's [1~83] 3 s. c. ll. This leads us to the last. contention that in the absence of any allegation in thdirst infonμation report in the two cases . about the disturbance of public order the detaining authority could not invent a ground regarding the apprehension from the petitioners about the disturbance of public order. · A counter affidavit has been filed on .

behalf of the detaining authority and in paragraph 3 it has been averred that apart from the first information report in the two cases there was the supervision note of the Deputy Superintendent of Police, Dhanbad and the detaining authority was satisfied ·on the basis of materials before him that there was apprehension of breach of public order from the petitioners. The ·absence Of an. allegation about the disturbance of public order in the two first . information reports will not effect the position because there was additional material before the detaining authority which satisfied him about the apprehension of breach of public order from the petitioners in case they were enlarged on bail. This contention has, therefore no substance. ' For the foregoing discussion we, find no force in any of the ' contentions and the petitions must · fail. They are accordingly dismissed. S. R. Petitions dismissed.