KAISER-I-HIND PVT. LTD. AND ANR. v. NATIONAL TEXTILE CORPORATION (MAHARASHTRA NORTH) LTD. AND ORS

Citation: [2002] SUPP. 2 S.C.R. 555

Court: Supreme Court of India

Bench: G.B. PATTANAIK, M.B. SHAH, DORAISWAMY RAJU, S.N. VARIAVA, D.M. DHARMADHIKARI

Judgment text

KAISER-I-HIND PVT. LTD. AND ANR. v. NATIONAL TEXTILE CORPORATION (MAHARASHTRA NORTH) LTD. AND ORS. SEPTEMBER 25, 2002 [G. B. PATTANAIK, M. B. SHAH, DORAISWAMY RAJU, S. N. VARIAVA AND D. M. DHARMADHJKARI, JJ] Constitution of India, 1950-Artic/e 254(2): Inconsistency between proposed State laws and earlier laws made by parliament-Grant of 'assent' by President to State legislation-Contention that State law would prevail and such 'assent' would be deemed to be an assent qua all earlier enactments made by Parliament-On appeal, held that 'consideration' by President and his 'assent' is limited to proposal made by State Government, State legislatio11 would prevail only qua the laws for which repugnancy was pointed 0111 and 'assent' of President was sought for-Proposal by State is sine qua non for 'consideration' and 'assent'- Public Premises (Eviction of Unauthorised Occupants) Act, 1971-Bombay Rents, Hotel and Lodging House Rates Control Act, 1947.

Summoning by court ofthe file submitted to the President before grant of assent-To enquire and ascertain the circumstances in which 'assent' given under Article 254(2) to law made by State-Permissibility of- Discussed ' Assent to legislations given by President whether given qua the repugnancy between State legislation and earlier law made by Par/iament- Justiciahility of-Held, the assent is not subjected to any judicial review-- Mere look at the record for which assent was sought would not mean that the Court is deciding whether the assent is rightly, wrongly or er~oneously granted-Consideration by Court is limited to the extent that whether the State has sought assent qua particular earlier law or laws made by the Parliament prevailing in the State or it has sought general assent. Assent to legislations by President-Grant of-ls part of legislative procedure and· not exercise of legislative power of President-Constitution of India, 1950-Article 123.

Extension of temporary enactment if amounting to enactment of new t: law requiring assent of President-Held, extending the duration of a temporary enactment does not amount to enactment of a new law requiring assent of President-However in case of repugnancy such extension may require asse/1/ of President. Article 372, explanation Ill-Scope of-ls of general application and applies to all temporary enactme/1/s enacted pre-constitution. Public Premises (Eviction of Unauthorised Occupants) Act, 197/- Bombay Rents, Hotel and Lodging House Rates Control Act, 1947-Whether Central Act would prevail-Held, once the Central Act came into force the existing State Act would be void so far as it is repugnant to the law made by the Parliament, thus the law made by the Parliament would prevail. Public Premises (Eviction of Unauthorised Occupams) Act, 197/- Constitution ofIndia, 1950-Article 19(/)(j)-P. P.

Eviction Act empowering Government companies and statutory corporations to evict their tenants through summary procedure-Contention that such procedure abridges the right conferred by Article 19(/)(j)-Held, such procedure not violative of Article (19)(/)(j) if it is reasonable and in conformity with the principles of natural justice. Words and Phrases: 'Reserved for consideration' and 'assent '-Meaning of in the co/1/ext of Article 254(2) of the Constitution ofJndia, 1950.

The question which arose in these appeals was whether the "assent" p given by the President under Article 254(2) of the Constitution oflndia with r regard to the repugnancy of the State legislation and the earlier law made by the Parliament or the existing law could only be qua the "assent" sought by the State with regard to repugnancy of the laws mentioned in the submission made to the President for his consideration before grant ofassent or would it prevail qua other laws for which no assent was sought Appellants challenged the vires of Public Premises (Eviction of Unauthorised Occupants) Act, 1971 contending that P. P. Eviction Act was violative of Articles 14, 19(1)(1) and 19(1)(g) of the Constitution of India; and that having regard to Article 254(2) provisions of Bombay Rents, Hotel and Lodging House Rates Control Act, 1947 would prevail over provisions of P. P. ) KAISER-I-HIND PVT. LTD. v. N. T. C. 557 Eviction Act.

High Court summoned the file submitted before the President before grant of assent to find out the purpose for which 'assent' of the President to the Extension of Acts extending the duration of Bombay Rent Act was sought for and given. It concluded that assent of President was sought to overcome its repugnancy between Bombay Rent Act on one hand and Transfer of Property Act and President Small Cause Courts Act on other hand and President's assent was limited to that purpose only, thus P. P. Eviction Act would prevail and not Bombay Rent Act. Hence the present appeals. Appellants contented that once the President grants the. 'assent' to the State legislation, the State law would prevail on the said subject and such 'assent' would be deemed to be an assent qua all earlier enactments made by the Parliament; that the P. P.

Eviction Act abridges the right conferred by Article 19(l)(t) of the Constitution; that it was not permissible for the High Court to summon the file submitted before the President before grant ofassent and eiwuire into and ascertain the circumstances in which 'assent' to law made tif"ie State was given and to hold, as a result of such inquiry, that the said law even with respect to a matter enumerated in the Concurrent List does not prevail in the State; that when the President has given a~sent to a State legislation, Court cannot call for the files to find out whether the assent was limited t& repugnancy between the State legislation and laws mentioned therein; t~t:_~assent given by the President is not justiciable; that for extension ~f the Act also the assent of the President is taken and therefore, it would amount to re-enactment ofthe existing law or enacting the new law;· and that the State Amending Act was not a mere extension but treated as a substantive enactment.

Respondents contended that before granting 'assent', the Presidenthas to consider specific provisions of the State legislation which are repugnant p to the provisions of an earlier or existing law made by the Parliam~nt and has to apply his mind to the proposed State law and t~ law made by the Parliament '11ich would be restricted to the proposal made by the State Government ~! Id. President's assent would only be with regard to the laws specified thereln. Dismissing the appeals and Writ Petitions, the Court HELD: (Per M. B. Shah, J for himselfand G. B. Pattanaik, Doraiswamy Raju and S. N. Variava, JJ) 1. 1. It is held that 'consideration' by the President and his 'assent' under Article 254(2) is limited to proposal made by the State Government, the State t legislation would prevail only qua the laws for which repugnancy was pointed out and the 'assent' of the President was sought for. Proposal by the State is sine qua non for 'consideration' and 'assent'. 1577-E, FJ 1. 2.

Before obtaining the assent ofthe President, State Government has to point out that the law made by the State legislature is in respect of one of the matters enumerated in the Concurrent List by mentioning entry/entries ofConcurrent List and that it contains provision or provisions repugnant to the law made by the Parliament or existing law. Further, the words "reserved for consideration" would definitely indicate that there should be active application of mind by the President to the repugnancy pointed out between the proposed State law and the earlier law made by the Parliament and the necessity of having such a law in facts and circumstances of the matter.

The word 'consideration' would manifest that after careful thinking over and due application of mind regarding the necessity of having State law which is repugnant to the law made by the Parliament, the President may grant assent This aspect is further reaffirmed by use of word "assent" in Clause (2), which implies knowledge of the President to the repugnancy between the State law and the earlier law made by the Parliament on the same subject matter and the reasons for grant of such assent The word "assent" would mean in the context as an expressed agreement of mind to what is proposed by the State. (573-F-H; 574-A, Bl 1. 3. The object of Article 254(2) appears that even though the law made by the Parliament would have supremacy, after considering the situation prevailing in the State and after considering the repugnancy between the State legislation and earlier law made by the Parliament, the President may give p his assent to the law made by the State legislature.

This would require application of mind to both the laws and the repugnancy as well as the peculiar requirement of the State to have such a law, which is repugnant to the law made by the Parliament. The word 'assent' is used purposefully indicating affirmative action of the proposal made by the State for having law repugnant to the earlier law made by the Parliament. It would amount to accepting or conceding and concurring to the demand made by the State for such law. This cannot be done without consideration of the relevant material. Hence the phrase used is 'reserved for consideration', which under the Constitution cannot be an idle formality but would require serious consideration on the material placed before the Parliament. The 'consideration' could only be to the proposal made by the State. [576-A-Dl KAISER-I-HIND PVT. LTD. v. N. T. C. 559 Basantlal Banarsilal v. Bansilal Dagdula/, AIR (1955) Bombay 35, approved. Gram panchayat of Village Jamalpur v. Ma/winder Singh and Ors.

, (1985) 3 sec 661, affirmed. Corpus Juris Secundum; Shorter Oxford Dictionary; Bouvier's law Dictionary; Law Lexicon ofBritish India by P. Ramanatha Aiyar; Websters' 3rd New International Dictionary (Vol. I); Random House Dictionary; Words and Phrases Judicial Dictionary by Mitra, referred to. 1. 4. The President's assent as notified in the Act nowhere mentions that assent was obtained qua repugnancy between the State legislation and specified certain law or laws of the Parliament. But from this, it also cannot be inferred that as the President has given assent, all earlier law/laws on the subject would not prevail in the State. Before grant of the assent, consideration of the r. >asons for having such law is necessary and the consideration would mean consideration of the proposal made by the State for the law enacted despite it being repugnant to the earlier law made by the Parliament on the same subject.

Ifthe proposal made by the State is limited qua the repugnancy of the State l:iw and law or laws specified in the said proposal, then it cannot be said that tile assent was granted qua the repugnancy between the State law and other la\:··· for which no assent was sought for. Proposal by the State pointing out repugnanfy between the State law and ofthe law enacted by the Parliament is sine qua non for 'consideration' and 'assent'. Ifthere is no proposal, no question of 'consideration' or 'assent' arises. For finding out whether 'assent' given by the President is restricted or unrestricted, the letter written or the proposal made by the State Government for obtaining 'assent' is required to be looked into. (577-A-C; E-Fl Gram Panchayat of Village Jamalpur v. Ma/winder Singh and Ors. , (1985[ 3 sec 661, affirmed. P. N. Krishna Lal and Ors. v. Govt. ofKera/a and Anr. , (1995) Supp. 2 sec 187, referred to. 1. 5.

For finding out whether the assent was given qua the repugnancy between the State legislation and the earlier law made by the Parliament, there is no question of deciding validity of such assent nor the assent is subjected to any judicial review. Merely looking at the record, for which assent was sought, would not mean that the Court is deciding whether the assent is rightly, wrongly or erroneously granted. The consideration by the Court is limited to the extent that whether the State has sought assent qua particular earlier law or laws made by the Parliament prevailing in the State or it has sought general assent. In such case, the Court is not required to decide the validity of the 'assent' granted by the President. In the instant case, the assent was given after considering the extent and nature of rep11gnancy between the Bombay Rent Act and Transfer of Property Act as well as the Presidency Small Cause Courts Act.

Therefore, it would be totally unjustified to hold that once the President grants the assent, the State law would prevail qua earlier other law enacted by the Parliament for which no assent was sought for nor which was reserved for the consideration of the President. [580-0-G) Bharat Sevashram Sangh and Ors. v. State ofGujarat and Ors. , (1986) 4 SCC 51; Mis. Hoechst Pharmaceuticals Ltd and Ors. v. State ofBihar and Ors. , [19831 4 SCC 45 and Mis. Bapalal and Co. v. P. Thakurdas and Ors. , AIR (1982) Madras 399, referred to. 2. It cannot be held that because summary procedure under P. P. Eviction Act is prescribed for evicting the tenants or unauthorized occupants or subtenants, if it is reasonable and in conformity with the principles of natural justice, it abridges the rights of the tenants conferred by Article 19(1)(1) of the Constitution. It is for the Legislature to provide summary procedure for evicting such persons or to direct the parties to approach the Civil Court.

If the Legislature considers in its wisdom that under General law the eviction process is dilatory and provides for other speedier' procedure for evicting unauthorised occupants, sub-tenants, whose tenancy is terminated, it cannot be said that the said procedure would be, in any way, violative of Article (19)(1)(1) of the Constitution. 1596-C) Municipal Corporation ofGreater Bombay v. Lala Pancham ofBombay & Ors. , (1965) 1SCR542 and Northern India Caterers Private Ltd and Anr. , v. State ofPunjab and Anr. , (1967) 3 SCR 399, relied on. 3. Granting of assent under Article 254(2) is not exercise of legislative power of President such as contemplated under Article 123 but is part of legislative procedure. Whether procedure prescribed by the Constitution before enacting the law is followed or not can always be looked into by the Court 4. There is nothing in Explanation Ill to Article 372 which even remotely suggests that it is restricted to the provisions of that Article alone.

On the KAISER-I-HIND PVT. LTD. v. N. T. C. 561 contrary it is of general application. It applies to all temporary enactments which were enacted pre-Constitution. Article 372(1) applies in general terms to all existing laws/laws in force and continues their operation after the commencement of the Constitution and Explanation-III explains or clarifies that nothing in Article 372 shall be construed as continuing any temporary law in force, beyond the date fixed for its expiration. (585-A, BJ 5. l. Once the P. P. Eviction Act is enacted then Bombay Rent Act would not prevail qua the repugnancy between it and P. P. Eviction Act. To the extent of repugnancy, State law would be void under Article 254(1) and law made by Parliament would prevail. Admittedly, Maharashtra Act No. 12 of 1970 extended the duration of Bombay Rent Act up to 31st March 1973. The result would be from the date of the coming into force of P. P.

Eviction Act, Bombay Rent Act qua the properties of the Government and Government companies wo~ld be inoperative. For this purpose, language of Article 254(1) is unambiguous and specifically provides. that if any provision of law made by the Legislature of the State is repugnant to the provision of law made by the Parliament, then the law made by the Parliament whether passed before or after the law made by the Legislature ofthe State, would prevail. It also makes it clear that the law made by the Legislature of the State, to the extent of repugnancy, would be void. Hence once the P. P. Eviction Act came into force . w. e. f. 23rd August 1971, the existing Bombay Rent Act would be void so far as it is repugnant to the law made by the Parliament as in view of Article 254(1), the law made by the Parliament would prevail. (586-E-H) 5. 2. In case of a temporary statute when the Act is passed extending the duration of the said statute, it cannot be said that some new Act was created.

The old law continues. Result is-duration of life ofold temporary statute is extended for a further period. However such extension may require assent of the President in case of repugnancy. Further while extending the duration if there is any substantial amendment in the statutory provisions it cannot be said that it was mere extension of existing law. (589-C; 597-A, BJ The State ofBombay v. Heman Sant/a/ Alreja, AIR (39) 1952 Bombay 16 and Basantlal Bansi/al v. Bansilal Dagdula/, AIR (1955) Bombay 35, approved. Mangtulal and Anr. v. Radha Shyam and Anr. , AIR (1953) Patna 14; ' State ofUttar Pradesh v. The Benaras Electric Light and Power Co. Ltd and Anr. , AIR (1973) Allahabad 74 and Kera/a State Electricity Board v. The Indian Aluminium Co. Ltd, (1976) I SCC 466, referred to. Craies on Statute Law (7th Edn. -page No. 408), referred to. 6. The contention that the State Amending Act was not a mere extension but treated as a substantive enactment cannot be accepted. 7.

There is no question of considering that Bombay Rent Act was an existing law as defined under Article 366(10). Explanation Ill to Article 372 specifically provides that nothing in the said Article shall be construed as continuing. any temporary law in force beyond the date fixed for its expiration or the date on which it would have expired ifthe Constitution had not come into force. Therefore, there is no question of applying the concept of"existing law" as defined under Article 366 to a law ofwhich duration is extended from time to time. Article 254(1), inter alia, also provides that if any provision of law made by the Legislature of State is repugnant to any provision of an existing law, the existing law shall prevail and law made by the Legislature of the State shall to the extent of repugnancy be void but in the instant case there is no question of applying the said part of Article 254(1). (595-H; 596-A-BI 8.

In the aforesaid view, in the instant case ttiere is no question of giving Supremacy to the Bombay Rent Act qua the law made by the Parliament (596-H; 597-A) Per, Doraiswamy Raju, J. (Supplementing) 1. When the Constitution extends a form of protection to a repugnant State law, permitting predominance and also to hold the field in the place of the law made by the Centre, conditioned upon the reservation of the State law for consideration of the President and obtaining his assent, it is to be necessarily viewed as an essential prerequisite to be effectively and meticulously fulfilled before ever availing of the protection and the same cannot be viewed merely as a ceremonial ritual.

If such a vitally essential procedtffe and safeguard is to be merely viewed as a routine formality which can be observed in whatever manner desired by those concerned and that it would be merely enough, if the assent has been secured howsoever obtained, it would amount to belittling its very importance in the context of distribution of legislative powers and the absolute necessity to preserve the supremacy of the Parliament to enact a law on a concurrent topic in List III, for the entire country. It would also amount to acceptance of even a farce of compliance to be actual or real compliance. Such a course could not be adopted by Courts except by doing violence to the language as well as the scheme, and very object KAISER-I-HIND PVT. LTp. v. ). l. :f! C: ' 563 of underlying Article 254(2). [601-D-G) 2. The reservation of any Bill/Act for the 'consideration' ofthe President for according his assent, keeping in view, also the avowed object envisaged .

under Article 254(2), renders it quaiitatively different from the ordinary assent to be given by the President to a Bill passed by the Parliament or that of the Governor to a Bill passed by the Legislature(s) ofthe State concerned. [602-F, G) 3: The assent of the President or the Governor, as the case may be, is considered to be part of the legislative process only for the limited purpose that the legislative process is incomplete without them for enacting a law and in the absence of the assent the Bill passed could not be considered to be an Act or a piece of legislation, effective and enforceable and not to extend the immunity in respect of procedural formalities to be observed inside the respective houses and certification by the presiding officer concerned oftheir d~ compliance, to areas or acts outside and besides those formalities.

The powers actually exercised by the President, at any rate under Articles 31A, 31C, 254(2) and 304(b) is a special constituent power vested with the Head of the Union, as the protector and defender ofthe Constitution and safety valve to safegu~rd the Fundamental Rights ofcitizens and Federal structure ofthe country's polity as adopted in the Constitution. (602-H; 603-A-B) 4. A genuine, real and effective consideration would depend upon specific and sufficient information being provided to him inviting, at any rate, his attention to the Central law with which the State law is considered or apprehended to be repugnant, and in the absence of any effort or exercise shown to have been undertaken, when questioned before courts, the State law cannot be permitted or allowed to have predominance or overriding effect over that Central enac~ment of the Parliament to which no specific reference of the President at all has been invited to.

This is a must and an essential requirement to be satisfied; in the absence of which the 'consideration' claimed would be one in vacuum and really oblivious to the hoard of Legislations falling under the Concurrent List in force in the country and enacted by the Parliament To uphold as valid the claim for any such blanket assent or all round predominance over any and every such law-whether brought to the notice of the President or not, would amount to legitimization of what was not even in the contemplation or consideration on the basis of some assumed 'consideration'. In order to find out the real state ofaffairs as to whether the 'Assent' in a given case was after a due and proper application of mind and effective 'consideration' as envisaged by the Constitution, this court as well as the High Court exercising powers of judicial review are entitled to call for the relevant records and look into the same. This the courts· have been doing, as and when considered necessary, all along.

No exception therefore, could be taken to the High Court in this case adopting, such a procedure, in discharge of its obligations and exercise ofjurisdiction under the Constitution of India. (603-B-F) Per D. M Dharmadhikari, J. (Dissenting) I. I. In the instant case, each time the proposal was moved for obtaining Presidential sanction, relevant entries ofthe Concurrent List were mentioned. The mention of entries in the Concurrent Legislative List including entry 6 which covers the Central Act and use of such expression as repugnancy to "some of the existing laws" relating to the entries mentioned in Concurrent List followed by use ofwords "such as" clearly go to show that 'assent of the President' was obtained in a general way to give overriding effect to the State Law which is admittedly repugnant to many Central Laws referable to various entries in the Concurrent List.

Mention of Central Acts was not exhaustive but only illustrative otherwise the language, in the proposal contained in the letters of the State Government, would have been different. (607-F-H; 608-A) 1. 2. On such an 'assent ofthe President' having been granted in general way to the State Act to give it an overriding effect over all repugnant Central Acts on legislative fields covered by specific entries of the Concurrent List, it is not open to the Court to interpret differently the contents of the letters in the file and come to a conclusion that the assent of the President was restricted only to Central Acts mentioned in the proposal and non-mention of the present Central Act was an indication of the mind of the President that no assent was given to the State Act qua the present Central Act. 1608-8, CJ 1. 3. The view that 'assent of the President' is subject of legislative procedure is not concurred with.

In giving overriding effect to the State Law over Central Laws covert; Y the legislature of a State should be with respect to one of t,he matters enumerated in the Concurrent List; E (2) it contains any provision repugnant to the provision of an earlier law made by the Parliament or an existing law with respect to that matter; (3) the law so made by the Legislature of the State has been reserved for the consideration of the President; and F (4) it has received 'his assent'. In view of aforesaid requirements, before obtaining the assent of the President, the State Government has to point out that the law made by the State legislature is in respect ofone ofthe matters enumerated in the Concurrent G List by mentioning entry/entries of Concurrent List and that it contains provision or provisions repugnant to the law made by the Parliament or existing law.

Further, the words "reserved for consideration" would definitely indicate that there should be active application of mind by the President to the repugnancy pointed out between the proposed State law and the earlier law made by the Parliament and the necessity of having such a law, in facts H and circumstances of the matter, which is repugnant to a law enacted by the Parliament prevailing in a State. The word 'consideration' would manifest that after careful thinking over and due application of mind regarding the necessity of having State Jaw which is repugnant to the law made by the Parliament, the President may grant assent. This aspect is further reaffirmed by use of word "assent" in Clause (2), which implies knowledge of the President to the repugnancy between the State law and the earlier Jaw made by the Parliament on the same subject matter and the reasons for grant of such assent.

The word "assent" would mean in the context as an expressed agreement of mind to what is proposed by the State. The learned counsel Mr. Ravichandran has rightly pointed out the different meanings given to the word "assent" in various dictionaries, which are as under: - Corpus Juris Secundum - Assent-(As a Noun) A passive act of concurrence; the act ofthe mind in admitting or agreeing to anything; the act of agreeing or consenting to accept some proposition; and, by context, "acceptance''. It also has been defined as agreement or approval;............ "Assent" implies knowledge of some kind in the party assenting to that to which he assents; also permission on the part of the party assenting;.............. As used in some statutes, however, the term has been held to require affirmative, positive action on the part of the party assenting.

It has been said that the term indicates the meeting of the minds of the contracting parties, and that the word is applicable only to conduct before or at the time of the doing of an act and hence does not include an approval after the commission of an act.... Assent-(As a Verb)-The verb implies affirmative action of some sort as distinguished from mere silence and inaction; and has been defined as meaning to accept, agree to, or consent, to accord, agree, concede, or yield; to express an agreement of the mind to what is alleged or proposed; to express one's agreement, acquiescence, or concurrence; also to admit a thing as true; to approve, ratify, or confirm; and sometimes to authorize or empower. Shorter Oxford Dictionary - Assent~The concurrence ofthe will, compliance with a desire. 2. Official, judicial, or formal sanction; the action or instrument that signifies such sanction ME. 3. Accord. 4. Opinion. 5. Agreement with a statement, or matter of opinion; mental acceptance.

Bouvier's Law Dictionwy Assent-Approval of something done. An undertaking to do something in compliance with a request Law Lexicon of British India by P. Ramanatha Aiyar Assent-The act of the mind in admitting or agreeing to the truth of proposition proposed for acceptance; consent, agreeing to;· to admit, yield, or concede: to express an agreement of the mind to what is alleged or proposed, (as) Royal assent or Viceroy's assent to an enactment passed in the Legislative Assembly; Executor's assent to a legacy; assent of corporation to bye-laws. Royal Assent, in England, the approbation given by the Sovereign in P. arliament to a bill which has passed both houses, after which it becomes law. This assent may be given in two ways; (a) in person, when the Sovereign comes to the House of Peers, the Commons are sent for, and the titles ofall the bills which have passed are read The royal assent is declared in Norman- French by the Clerk of the Parliament.

(b) By letters patent, under the great seal signed by the Sovereign, and notified in his or her absence. Websters' 3rd New International Dictionary (Vol. I) Assent-I. common accord : general approval c: concurrence with approval: 2 :the accepting as true or certain of something (as a doctrine or conclusion) proposed for belief Random House Dictionary Assent-To agree or concur; subscribe to (often fol. By to): to assent to a statement. 2. To give in; yield; concede; Assenting to his demands, she did as she was told - n. 3. Agreement, as to a proposal; concurrence. 4. Acquiescence; compliance. Words & Phrases Judicial Dictionary Mitra Assent-Assent means agreeing to or recognizing a matter... etc. Wharton's Law Lexicon. Applyir.

g the aforesaid meaning of the word 'assent' and from the phraseology used in Clause (2), the object of Article 254(2) appears that even though the law made by the Parliament would have supremacy, after considering the situation prevailing in the State and after considering the repugnancy between the State legislation and earlier law made by the Parliament, the President may give his assent to the law made by the State legislature. This would require application of mind to both the laws and the repugnancy as well as the peculiar requirement of the State to have such a law, which is repugnant to the law made by the Parliament. The word 'assent' is used purposefully indicating affirmative action of the proposal made by the State for having law repugnant to the earlier law made by the Parliament. It would amount to accepting or conceding and concurring to the demand made by the State for such law. This cannot be done without consideration of the relevant material.

Hence the phrase used is 'reserved for consideration', which under the Constitution cannot be an idle formality but would require serious consideration on the material placed before the President. The 'consideration' could only be to the proposal made by the State. This aspect has been succinctly stated at the earliest by Chagla, CJ, in Basantlal Banarsilal v. Bansilal Dagdulal, AIR (1955) Bombay 35 as under: "The principle underlying this clause is clear, viz. , that the President should apply his mind to what Parliament has enacted and also consider the local conditions prevailing in a particular State, and if he is satisfied that judging by the local conditions a particular State should be permitted to make a provision of law different from the provision made by Parliament, he should give his assent and thereupon the State legislation would prevail. " [Emphasis supplied] Further, in Gram Panchayat of Village Jamalpur v. Ma/winder Singh and Ors.

, [1985] 3 SCc'661 relevant at 669, this Court has also held that the assent of the President under Article 254(2) of the Constitution is not a matter of idle formality and the President has at least to be apprised of the reason as to why his assent is sought and the special reason for doing so. Mr. Nariman, learned senior counsel submitted that when the President has given assent to a State legislation, the Court cannot call for the files to find out whether the assent was limited to repugnancy between the State l!! gislation and laws mentioned therein. It is true that President's assent as notified in the Act nowhere mentions that assent was obtained qua repugnancy between the State legislation and specified certain law or laws of the Parliament. But from this, it also cannot be inferred that as the President has given assent, all earlier law/laws on the subject would not prevail in the State.

As discussed above, before grant of the assent, consideration of the reasons for having such law is necessary and the consideration would mean consideration of the proposal made by the State for the law enacted despite it being repugnant to the earlier law made by the Parliament on the same subject. If the proposal made by the State is limited qua the repugnancy of the State law and law or laws specified in the said proposal, then it cannot be said that the assent was granted qua the repugnancy between the State law and other laws for which no assent was sought for.

Take for illustration that a particular provision, namely, Section 3 of the State law is repugnant to enactment 'A' made by Parliament; other provision namely Section 4 is repugnant to some provisions of enactment 'B' made by Parliament and Sections 5 and 6 are repugnant to some provisions of enactment 'C' and the State submits proposal seeking 'assent' mentioning repugnancy between State law and provisions of enactments 'A' and 'B' without mentioning anything with regard to enactment 'C'. In this set of circumstances, if the assent of the President is obtained, the State law with regard to enactments 'A' and 'B' would prevail but with regard to 'C', there is no proposal and hence there is no 'consideration' or 'assent'. Proposal by the State pointing out repugnancy between the State law and of the law enacted by the Parliament is sine qua non for 'consideration' and 'assent'. If there is no proposal, no question of 'consideration' or 'assent' arises.

For finding out whether 'assent' given by the Fresident is restricted or unrestricted, the letter written or the proposal made by the State Government for obtaining 'assent' is required to be looked into. We would also make it clear that in all the decisions relied upon, wherein such question was raised, this Court has referred to the correspondence made by the State Government for obtaining the assent of the President to find out whether the assent was with regard to repugnancy between the State legislature and particular enactment of the Parliament. For this purpose, we would straightway refer to the decision in Gram Panchayat 's case (supra), wherein the Court considered the alleged repugnancy between the Administration of Evacuee Property Act of 1950 and the Punjab Common Lands (Regulation) Act of 1953.

The controversy was between the right of Gram Panchayats (eight petitioner-panchayats) to the Shamlat-deh lands situated in those villages which fell within their jurisdiction and the right of Rehabilitation Department of the Central Government to allot lands of that description to the extent of evacuee interest therein to persons who migrated from Pakistan to India after pa11ition of the country. Under the provisions of the Punjab Act, the land on the specified day vested in the Panchayat having jurisdiction over the village. Under Section 8(2) of the Central Act, namely, Administration of Evacuee Property Act, 1950, evacuee property is deemed to have been vested in the custodian. The Court thereafter considered Article 254 and observed that Punjab Act was reserved for consideration of the President and received his assent on December 26, 1953.

Prima facie, by reason of the assent of the President, the Punjab Act would prevail in the I State of Punjab over the Act of the Parliament and the Panchayats would be at liberty to deal with the Shamlat-deh lands according to the relevant Rules or bye-laws governing the matter, including the evacuee interest therein. In that case also the High Court of Punjab had adjourned the matter to enable the State Government to place material before the Court showing the purpose for which the Punjab Act of I953 was forwarded to the President for his assent. As per the record of that case, the Act was not reserved for the assent of the President on the ground that it was repugnant to the earlier Act passed by the Parliament, namely Central Act of I950. The Court thereafter pertinently held thus: "........

The record shows, and it was not disputed either before us or in the High Court, that the Act was not reserved for the assent of the President on the ground that it was repugnant to an earlier Act passed by the Parliament, namely, the Central. Act of 1950. In these circumstances, we agree with the High Court that the Punjab Act of 1953 cannot be said to have been reserved for the assent of the President within the meaning of clause (2) of Article 254 of the Constitution insofar as its repugnancy with the Central Act of 1950 is concerned. The assent ofthe President under Article 254(2) ofthe Constitution is not a matter of idle formality. The President has, at feast, to be apprised of the reason why his assent is sought, if there is any special reason for doing so. If the assent is sought and given in general terms so as to be effective for all purposes, different considerations may legitimately arise.

But if, as in the instant case, the assent of the President is sought to the Law for a specific purpose, the efficacy of the assent would be limited to that purpose and cannot be extended beyond it. Not only was the President not apprised in KAISER-I-HIND PVT. tTD. v. N. T. C. [M. B. SHAH, J. ] 579 the instant case ! hat his assent was sought because ofthe repugnancy between the Stale Act and the pre-existing Central Act on the vesting of evacuee properties but, his assent was sought for a different, specific purpose altogether. Therefore, that assent cannot avail the State Government for the purpose of according precedence to the law made by the State Legislature, namely, the Punjab Act of 1953, over the law made by the Parliament, even within the jurisdiction of the State. " We are in entire agreement with the aforesaid enunciation of law with regard to interpretation of Article 254(2) of the Constitution. In P. N. Krishna Lal and Ors. v. Govt. ofKera/a and Anr. , (1995) Supp.

2 SCC I87 this Court has relied upon the aforesaid decision. The learned senior counsel Mr. Nariman next submitted that the assent given by the President is not justiciable and placed reliance on decision of this Court in Bharat Sevashram Sangh and Ors. v. State ofGujarat and Ors. , (1986) 4 sec 51, wherein this Court observed thus: "....... it cannot be said that the assent which was given by the President was conditional. The records relating to the above proceedings were also made available to the court. On going through the material placed before us we are satisfied that the President had given assent to the Act and it is not correct to say that it was a qualified assent. The Act which was duly published in the official Gazette contains the recital that the said Act had received the assent of the President on September 28, 1973. Moreover, questions relating to the fact whether assent is given by the Governor or the President cannot be agitated also in this manner.

In Mis Hoechst Pharmaceuticals Ltd. v. State of Bihar, [1983) 4 SCC 45, this Court has observed thus We have no hesitation in holding that the assent of the President is not justiciable and we cannot spell out any infirmity arising out of his decision to give such assent. The above contention relating to the assent given by the President is, therefore, rejected. " In the aforesaid decision also the records relating to assent were made available to the Court and on going through the material placed before it, the Court was satisfied that the President had given assent to the Act and it was incorrect to say that it was qualified assent. In Mis. Hoechst Pharmaceuticals Ltd. and Ors. , v. State ofBihar and Ors. , [J983] 4 SCC 45 relevant para 84) this Court held thus: "84........ That being so, the decision in The Cheng Poh alias Char Meh v.

Public Prosecutor, Malaysia, [J 980] AC 458 is not an authority for the proposition that the assent of the President is justiciable nor can it be spelled out that the court can enquire into the reasons why the Bill was reserved by the Governor under Article 200 for the assent of the President nor whether the President applied his mind to the question whether there was repugnancy between the Bill reserved for his consideration and received his assent under Article 254(2). " The Court further observed: "..... We have no hesitation in holding that the assent of the President is not justiciable, and we cannot spell out any infirmity arising out of his decision to give such assent. " Jn our view, for finding out whether the assent was given qua the repugnancy between the State legislation and the earlier law made by the Parliament, there is no question of deciding validity of such assent nor the assent is subjected to any judicial review.

That is to say, merely looking at the record, for which assent was sought, would not mean that,1he Court is deciding whether the assent is rightly, wrongly or erroneously granted. The consideration by the Court is limited to the extent that whether the State has sought assent qua particular earlier Jaw or laws made by fhe Parliament prevailing in the State or it has sought general assent. Jn such case, the Court is not required to decide the validity of the 'assent' granted by the President. In the present case, the assent was given after considering extent and nature of repugnancy between the Bombay Rent Act and Transfer of Property Act as well as the Presidency Small Cause Courts Act. Therefore, it would be totally unjustified to hold that once the assent is granted by the President, the. State law would prevail qua earlier other law enacted by the Parliament for which no assent was sought for nor which was reserved for the consideration of the President.

The learned senior counsel for the appellant further referred to the decision of Madras High Court in Mis Bapalal and Co. v. P. Thakur{ias and Ors. , AIR (1982) Madras 399, wherein the Court held thus: "........ In this case the assent is sought to be invalidated on the ground that the President was not made aware of the repugnancy between the proposed State Law (Rent Control Act) and the existing Central Law (the Transfer of Property Act) in Ex. P. 12, which does not indicate the extent to which the State law is repugnant to the earlier existing Central Law. It is said that in this case Ex. P. 12 does not exactly indicate how far the proposed State Act is repugnant to the provisions of the existing Central law and any assent given without considering the extent and the nature of the repugnancy should be .... taken to be no assent at all. However, a perusal ofEx. P. 12 shows that S.

10 of the Act has been referred as a provision which can be said to be repugnant to the provisions of the Civil Procedure Code and the Transfer of Property Act which are existing laws on the concurrent subject. Further, a copy of the Bill has been reserved for the consideration of the President under Art. 254(2) of the Constitution. Therefore, even ifthe State Legislature did not point out the provisions of the Bill which are repugnant to the existing Central Law, the President should be presumed to have gone through the Bill to see whether any of the provisions is repugnant to the Central Law and whether such a legislation is to be permitted before giving assent to the Bill. Merely because the State Government when seeking the assent of the President does not indicate the exact provisions which are repugnant to the earlier Central Law under Concurrent List, the assent given by the President cannot be said to be invalid.

According to the learned Advocate-General inconsistency between the proposed law and the existing Central Law has been pointed out under Ex. P. I2, and the Bill has been sent for scrutiny and that the Central Government should be taken to know its job while considering the question as to whether the assent is to be given or withheld, and, therefore, there is no room for any contention that the assent in this case is not valid. " In that case, the Court also observed thus:- "The assent given by the President to the Tamil Nadu Buildings (Lease and Rent Control) Act of 1960 cannot be held to be invalid for two reasons (i) the inconsistency between the State Law and the Central Law on the subject was in fact pointed out while seeking the assent of the President and (ii) even otherwise the Bill having been sent for the scrutiny of the President, the President should be taken to have scrutinised the bill before giving his assent with the assistance of his legal advisers.

" In this case, we have made it clear that we are not considering a question that the assent of the President was rightly or wrongly given. We are also not considering the question that whether 'assent' given without considering the extent and the nature of the repugnancy should be taken as no assent at all. Further, in the aforesaid case, before Madras High Court, also the relevant proposal made by the State was produced. The Court had specifically arrived at a conclusion that Ex. P. 12 shows that Section IO of the Act has been referred to as the provision which can be said to be repugnant to the provisions of Code of Civil Procedure and the Transfer of Property Act, .. which are existing laws on the concurrent subject. After observing that, the Court has raised the presumption. We do not think that it was necessary to do so.

In any case as discussed above, the essential ingredients of Article 254(2) are - (I) mentioning of the entry/entries with respect to one of the matters enumerated in the Concurrent List; (2) stating repugnancy to the provisions of an earlier law made by the Parliament and the State law and reasons for having such law; (3) thereafter it is required to be reserved for consideration of the President; and (4) receipt of the assent of the President. In this view ofthe matter, it cannot be said that the High Court committed any error in looking at the file of the correspondence Ex. F collectively for finding out - for what purpose 'assent' of the President to the Extension of Acts extending the duration of Bombay Rent Act was sought for and given.

After looking at the said file, the Court considered relevant portion of the letter, which referred to the Bill passed by the Maharashtra Legislative Council and the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly e'xtending the duration of the Bombay Rent Act for 5 years from 1st April, 1986. The letter stated: "As the provisions of the Bombay Rents, Hotel and Lodging House Rates Control Act, 1947 are repugnant to the provisions of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882 and the Presidency Small Cause Courts Act, 1882, which are the existing laws relating to entries 6, 13 and 46 in the Concurrent Legislative List, and as Clause 2 of the Bill is intended to extend the life of the principal Act for a period of five years, it is necessary to reserve the Bill for the consideration and assent of the President with reference to Article 254(2) ofthe Constitution of India. The Governor has reserved the Bill for the consideration of the President under Article 200 of the Constitution of India.

" A telegraphic message dated 25th February, 1986 sent by the Special Commissioner, New Delhi, addressed to two Secretaries of the State of Maharashtra and the Secretary to the Governor of the State of Maharashtra shows that the President accorded his assent to this Bill on 23rd February, 1986. Thereafter, the Court rightly relied upon the decision in Gram Panchayat 's case (supra) for arriving at the conclusion that the assent of the President was sought to the Extension Acts for the purpose of overcoming its repugnancy between the Bombay Rent Act on the one hand and the Transfer of Property Act and the President Small Cause Courts Act on the other. The efficacy of the President's assent was limited to that purpose only. Therefore, the P. P. Eviction Act would prevail and not the Bombay Rent Act.

We further make it clear that granting of assent under Article 254(2) is not exercise of legislative power of President such as contemplated under Article I23 but is part of legislative procedure. Whether procedure prescribed by the Constitution before enacting the law is followed or not can always be looked into by the Court. Finally, we would observe that the challenge of this nature could be avoided if at the commencement of the Act, it is stated that the Act has received the assent with regard to the repugnancy between the State Law and specified Central law or laws. Whether extension of temporary enactment amounts to enactment of new law? Or Is it an extension of existing law? Submissions- Learned senior counsel, Mr. Nariman, submitted that the Bombay Rent Act, 1947 was enacted by the Bombay Legislature and received the assent ofthe Governor General on 13th January, 1948.

It was published in the official gazette on 19th January, I948 under Section 107 of the Government of India Act, 1935. It prevails over all Central Acts to the extent of any repugnancy between the Rent Act and the relevant Central Acts. It was a temporary law as provided in Section 2 and it was to remain in force up to 31st day of March, 1950. The said period was extended up to 3Ist March, 1952. It is also pointed out that after the Constitution, the Bombay Amending Act 43 of 1951 extended and amended the Bombay Rent Act by providing that it was extended from 31st March, I952 to 3lst March, 1953. It received Presidential assent under Article 254(2) read with Article 20 I, since it was reserved by the Governor for Presidential Assent-which could only be if it was treated as enacting a substantive law repugnant to existing Central law (e. g. the Transfer of Property Act 1882): otherwise a mere extension Act only required Governor's assent.

It is also pointed out that on 31st March, 1970, the operation of the Bombay Rent Act was extended by Maharashtra Act No. 12 of 1970 up to 3 Ist March, 1973, and thereafter by Maharashtra Act No. 17 of 1973 up to 31st . , March, 1976, by Maharashtra Act No. 4of1976 up to 31st March, 1977, by Maharashtra Act No. 8 of 1977 up to 31st March, 1978, by Maharashtra Act No. 67 of 1977 up to 31st March, 1979, by Maharashtra Act No. 3 of 1979 up to 31st March, 1981, by Maharashtra Act No. 16 of 1981 up to 31st March, .. 1986, and by Maharashtra Act No. JO of 1986 up to 31st March, 1991. It is further submitted that the necessity of passing Bombay Amending Act 43 of 1951 was because the Bombay Rent Act was not an "existing law" which continued after the commencement of the Constitution by force of Article 372 read with Article 366 (I 0). For this purpose, he referred to Article 366(10) and relevant part of Article 372 of the Constitution. Article 366 (10) reads thus: "366. Definitions.

-ln this Constitution, unless the context otherwise requires, the following expressions have the meaning hereby respectively assigned to them, that is to say: - (I 0) existing law" means any law, Ordinance, order, bye-law, rule or regulation passed or made before the commencement of this Constitution by any Legislature, authority or person having power to make such a law, Ordinance, order, bye-law, rule or regulation. " Relevant part of Article 372 and Explanation III thereto read thus: - "3 72. Continuance in force of existing laws and their adaptation:- (1) Notwithstanding the repeal by this Constitution of the enactments referred to in Article 395 but subject to the other provisions of this Constitution, all the laws in force in the territory of India immediately before the commencement of this Constitution shall continue in force therein until altered or repealed or amended by a competent Legislature or other competent authority.

Explanation-Ill-Nothing in this article shall be construed as continuing any temporary law in force beyond the date fixed for its expiration or the date on which it would have expired if this Constitution had not come into force. " There is nothing in Explanation Ill to Article 372 which even remotely suggests that it is restricted to the provisions of that Article alone. On the contrary it is of general application, i. e. , it applies to all temporary enactments which were enacted pre-Constitution: Article 372(1) applies in general terms to all existing laws/laws in force and continues their operation after the commencement of the Constitution: And Explanation-III explains or clarifies that nothing in Article 372 shall be construed as continuing any temporary law in force, beyond the date fixed for its expiration.

It is submitted that thus on a conjoint reading of Article 372(1) and Explanation III thereof, read with A1iicle 366(10) it is clear that the Constitution did not envisage or provide for the continuance in force of existing laws if such existing laws were only temporary laws. Such temporary laws continued in force only till the date fixed for their expiration; alternatively, till the date on which they would have expired if the Constitution had not come into force. It is his submission that being a temporary law in force till 31st March, 1952, the Bombay Rent Act, 1947 could not have continued after 31. 3. 1952 unless re-enacted and the words 'existing law' and 'law in force' are interchangeable. For this purpose, he relied· upon the decision in Keshavan Madhava Menon v. The State ofBombay, [1951] 2 SCR 228. He also relied upon the State ofBombay v. Heman Sant/al Alreja, AIR (1952) 39 Bombay 16, wherein Chag/a, CJ observed thus: "In Keshavan Madhava Menon v.

The State ofBombay, [1951] 2 SCR 228, Mr. Justice Das says (P. 234) : "....... What Article 13(1) provides is that all existing laws which clash with the exercise of the fundamental rights (which are for the first time created by the Constitution) shall to that extent be void. Now it may be remembered that the expression used in Article 13(1) is "laws in force" and not "existing laws" and yet the learned Judge reads that expression as meaning "existing laws". Frankly the point is not free from difficulty or doubt, but on the whole we have come to the conclusion that in the Constitution the expressions "existing laws" and "laws in force" have been used without any distinction or difference. " For deciding the aforesaid submissions, we would deal with the same as under: - I. Effect of Article 254( I) on the Bombay Rent Act after enactment of the P. P. Eviction Act in 1971. II. Legislative intent while extending the duration of Bombay Rent Act. · Ill.

Whether it can be deemed to be a new enactment? Re. I. (Article 254(! )] :- It is to be stated that the P. P. Eviction Act received the assent of the - President on 23rd August, I97 I but is deemed to have come into force on September 16, 1958. This is provided in sub-section (3) of Section 1, which reads thus: - "I. Short title, extent and commencement. (I) - (2) (3) It shall be deemed to have come into force on the 16th day of September, I958 except Sections 1I, 19 and 20 which shall come ; into force at once. " Once the P. P. Eviction Act is enacted then Bombay Rent Act would not prevail qua the repugnancy between it and the P. P. Eviction Act. To the extent of repugnancy, the State law would be void under Article 254(1) and the law made by the Parliament would prevail. Admittedly, the duration ofthe Bombay Rent Act was extended up to 31st March, 1973 by Maharashtra Act No. 12 of I970. The res. ult would be from the date of the coming into force of the P. P.

Eviction Act, the Bombay Rent Act qua the properties ofthe Government and Government companies would be inoperative. For this purpose, language ofArticle 254( I) is unambiguous and specifically provides that if any provision of law made by the Legislature of State is repugnant to the provision of law made by the Parliament, then the law made by the Parliament whether passed before or after the law made by the Legislature of the State, would prevail. It also makes it clear that the law made by the Legislature of the State, to the extent of repu'gnancy, would be void. Hence, once the P. P. Eviction Act came into force w. e. f. 23rd August, I97 I, the existing Bombay Rent Act would be void so far as it is repugnant to the law made by the Parliament as in view of Article 254( I), the Jaw made by the Parliament would prevail. Re. (fl) and (I!

f): - The next question is - what is the effect of extension of the Bombay Rent Act from time to time after 3Ist March, I973 - whether it can be held that there was new enactment (new Bombay Rent Act)? Or whether the Bombay Rent Act which was for a temporary period continues by the Act by which its duration or life is extended? After 1970, the next extension is given by Maharashtra Act No. 17of1973. Section 4 of the said Act only substitutes the figures '1973' by figures '1976' meaning thereby the duration of the Bombay Rent Act is extended up to 1976. It is equally true that by the said Act, licensees are also given protection of the Rent Act and correspondingly Bombay Rent Act is amended. Some other minor amendments are also provided. ·However, it nowhere provides that notwithstanding anything contained in the P. P. Eviction Act, the Rent Act would prevail qua the properties owned by the Government companies/corporations etc.

Thereafter, last extension for our consideration in these matters would be Maharashtra Act No. 16 of ! 986 and the relevant provisions thereof are as under: I. This Act may be called the Bombay Rents, Hotel and Lodging House Rates Control (Extension. of Duration) Act, 1986; 2. In se~tion 3 of the Bombay Rents, Hotel and Lodging House Rates Control Act, 1947, in sub-section (2), for the figures "1986" the figures "199 l" shall be substituted. " From the aforesaid language used by the State Legislature, it is crystal clear that Legislature considers this as extension of the duration of Bombay Rent Act and not enactment of new law or re-enactment of the law in force. The phraseology used by the Legislature is only "extension of duration''. Learned senior counsel for the appellants submitted that for extension of the Act also the assent of the President is taken and, therefore, it would amount to re-enactment of the existing law or enacting the new law.

In our view, merely because assent of the President is taken, as it is required to be taken, it would not mean that there is new enactment. For extending the duration of the temporary Legislation the assent of the President is required, otherwise in case of repugnancy law enacted by the Parliament would prevail. On the question whether extension of duration of the law which is in force amounts to re-enactment of a law or passing of a new Act, the learned counsel for the parties at the time of hearing of this matter referred to decisions in The State of Bombay v. Heman Sant/a/ Alreja, AIR 39 (1952) Bombay 16, Mangtulal and Anr. v. Radha Shyam and Anr. , AIR (1953) Patna 14, Basantlal Bansilal v. Bansiial Dagdulal, AIR (1955) Bombay 35, State of Vilar Pradesh v. The Benaras Electric Light and Po1\'er Co. ltd. and Anr. , AIR (1973) Allahabad 74 and Kerct! a State Electricity Board v. The Indian Aluminium Co. ltd. , (1976] 1 SCC 466.

In Heman Sant/a/ 's case (supra) Chagla, CJ dealt with a question whether the Bombay Land Requisition Act, 1948 provided for requisitioning the premises was a temporary statute. The duration of the said law was extended from 31st March, 1950 to 31st March, 1952 and in that context Court observed that when an Act is passed extending the duration of some law, it cannot be said that new law was created. The old law already on the statute book continues. For this proposition, relevant discussion is as under- "15. The authorities also draw a distinction between the repeal of an old Act and the re-enacting of a new Act and the extension of an old Act. When an Act is passed extending the duration of some law, it cannot be said that some new law was created. The old law already on the statute book continues. Our attention was drawn to an American case which is relevant on the point. In United States v. Powers, (1938) 307 USR 1245 the Connally Act of 22. 2.

1935, originally provided that it should cease to be in effect on 16. 6. 1937, but it was extended prior to 16. 6. 1937 to 30. 6. 1939, and the Supreme Com1 of America held that the amended Act authorised a prosecution for violations committed prior to 16. 6. 1937, under an indictment returned subsequent thereto but prior to 30. 6. 1939. In the judgment of Douglas J. , it is stated (p. 1248) '"...... Due to the amendment, the Act has never ceased to be in effect. No new law was created; no old one was repealed. Without hiatus of any kind, the original Act was given extended life. " It is true that in this case the amending Act did not in any way alter the substantive provisions of the original Act. But, as I said before, we are only considering the effect of Act ll (2) of 1950 to the extent that it extends r the duration of Act XXXIll (33) of 1948.

Even temporary statutes which are made perpetual by subsequent Acts become perpetual not from the date of the subsequent Act but ab initio. See Halsbury, Vol. 31 p. 512, Art. 665. And Maxwell on Interpretation of Statutes, Edn. 9, p. 406, states the law thus: "If a temporary Act be continued by a subsequent one, or an expired Act be revived by a later one, all infringements of the provisions contained in it are breaches of it rather than of the renewing or reviving statutes. " Therefore, to the extent that the Legislature enacted S. 2 of Act II (2) of 1950, it did not put on the statute book any new legislation. The old law instead of expiring on 31. 3. 1950, continued till 31. 3. 1952. " We agree with the aforesaid observations. In case of a temporary statute when the Act is passed extending the duration of the said statute, it cannot be said that some new Act was created. The old law continues. Result is duration or life of old temporary statute is extended for a further period.

As observed by Douglas, J. , the Act never ceased to be in effect and the original Act was given extended life. Similarly, Craies on Statute Law (7th Edn. Page No. 408) defines 'commencement' as - if an Act is in the first instance temporary, and is continued from time to time by subsequent Acts, it is considered as a statute passed in the session when it was first passed, and not as a statute passed in. the session in which the Act which continues its operation was passed. In the aforesaid case, the Court also considered the phrase "existing law" as defined under Article 366 (I 0) and observed that in order that a law should be an existing law, the only qualification laid down by the Constitution is that it should have been passed before the commencement ofthe Constitution by any legislature, authority or person having power to make such a law and, therefore, the Bombay Land Requisition Act was existing law.

The Court, therefore, held that the Legislature when passed Act 2 of 1950 which extended the duration of the existing law, was not making any law contrary to the provisions of Article 31 (2) and it had been saved by Article 31 (5)(a). However, learned senior counsel Mr. Nariman submitted that in Basantlal Banarsilal 's case (supra), the Court distinguished its earlier decision rendered in Heman Sant/a/ 's case (supra). In that case, the Court was considering the provisions of Bombay Forward Contracts Control Act, 1947. Section 8 of that Act declared forward contracts of any goods specified in 1 notification to be issued under Section 1(3) to be illegal, if these were not entered into, made or performed in the manner laid down in that Section. The Court was also required to consider the provisions of the Essential Supplies (Temporary Powers) Act, which would have expired on 1. 4.

1951 but for the fact that Article 369 of the Constitution gave to the Parliament during a period of five years from the commencement of the Constitution, the power to make laws with respect to certain matters enumerated in the Concurrent List, and in exercise of the power, the original Essential Supplies Act with certain important amendments was continued up to 31st December, 1952. While dealing with the contention that Bombay Forward Contracts Control Act being a legislation passed by the State, it would prevail in view of Article 254, the Court considered Article 254 and observed thus: "..... if the State legislature passes a law subsequent to the law passed by the Parliament and the State Legislature wants in any way to depart from the provisions of the law as laid down by the Parliament, it could do so, "provided it satisfies the condition, viz. , that it reserves the bill for the consideration of the President and the President give his assent.

" Thereafter, the Court considered the contention that once the Bombay Forward Contracts Control Act passed in 1947 and received the assent of the Governor General, there is no subsequent legislation which has altered the position with regard to the prohibition against entering into forward contracts in the State of Bombay. The Court also considered the contention that whether the extension given to the Essential Supplies (Temporary Powers) Act, was mere continuation of the Old Act or not. In that context, the Court referred to Heman Santlal's case and observed that it is difficult to accept the view that Act 52 of 1950 is merely extension of Essential Supplies Act, 1946, firstly because it is an Act passed for the purpose of amending the Act of 1946 and in the body of this, there were many provisions which substantially amended the provisions of law contained in the Act.

The Court observed that other important consideration was that the Act was not an extension of the old Act as the Act was passed in exercise of a power expressly conferred by the Constitution upon the Parliament by Article 369, which empowered the Parliament for a period of five years, the power to legislate upon certain matters which were in the said list as if they were in Concurrent List. The Court specifically observed thus: - "It is, therefore, difficult to accept the pos1t10n that all that Parliament was doing when it passed Act 52 of 1950 was extending the life of the Essential Supplies Act of 1946. It was not a normal legislative activity on the part of Parliament. In the course of its ordinary legislative activity it had no power to extend the life of the Essential Supplies Act of 1946, and it would have died a natural death on 1. 4. 195 l. It was really a different legislative activity on the part of Parliament when it put Act 52 of 1950 on the statute book.

It was an activity, the justification for which was to be found in Article 369 and which was in the exercise of the power conferred by that article. " From the aforesaid decision, it cannot be held that the law laid down in Heman Sant/a/ 's case was in any way altered or modified by the Court. In that particular case, as Essential Supplies Act, 1946 was not only extended but substantially altered and was also passed by the Parliament in exercise of its legislative power conferred under Article 369. Further reliance is placed on the decision rendered by the Full Bench of Patna High Court in Mangtulal's case (supra). In that case, the Full Bench considered the following questions: "1. Whether, in the circumstances stated above, the Bihar Buildings, (Lease, Rent and Eviction) Control (Amendment) Act, 1951, required assent of the President under the provisions of Article 254 of the Constitution of India, and 2.

Whether in the absence of such assent, the provisions of the Bihar Buildings (Lease, Rent and Eviction) Control Act, 1947, still operate, after the 14th of March, 1952, in spite of the provisions being repugnant to existing law contained in the Civil Procedure Code, the Indian Contract Act or the Transfer of Property Act. " In the said case, it was admitted position that though the Act of 1947 namely, Bihar Buildings (Lease, Rent and Eviction) Control Act, 1947 and the Amending Act, 1949 had received the assent of the Governor General in accordance with the provisions of Government of India Act, 1935, which were in force prior to the commencement of the Constitution, the Amending Act of 1951 had not received the assent of the President. In that context, Narayan, J. first obs.

erved thus: "In a bald and simple form it may also be correct to say that the amended statute or the statute which extends the duration of the original statute is not a new and independent statute and that, in effect and substance, it remains the same statute as had been originally passed. But these abstract propositions of law cannot be applied regardless of the facts and regardless of the constitutional inhibition if any.. " Thereafter, with regard to Article 254(2) the Court observed thus: - "......... The only manner in which the repugnancy between the provisions of the Act of 1947 and the existing laws contained in the Code of Civil Procedure, the Indian Contract Act and the Transfer of Property Act could be resolved was by obtaining the assent of the President.

If the assent of the President has not been obtained to the amending Act of 1951 by which the duration of the Act of 1947 was extended "up to and including the 14th March, 1954", this amending Act cannot be deemed to be valid law, and the Act of 1947 would be deemed to have been extended only for the period mentioned in the Amending Act of 1949. Under the Amending Act of 1949 there was an extension for only five years, and the Act thus expired on the 14th of March, 1952. Not taking the President's assent is an omission which is fatal to the Act and it cannot be remedied by the Court by any recognised canons of interpretation. The Act having been passed in absolute contravention of Article 254(2) so much of it as is repugnant to or inconsistent with th~ existing law as embodied in the Code of Civil Procedure, the Indian Contract Act and the Transfer of Property Act must be declared to be void.

" Thereafter, the Court considered the decision in Heman Sant/al 's case (supra) and observed that the Amending Act of 1951 came to be passed after the Constitution had come into force and according to the Constitution the repugnancy of the temporary Act to the provisions of the existing law could be resolved only by obtaining the assent of the President. In concurring judgment, Ramaswami, J. observed that in Heman Sant/al 's case question at issue was different namely what is the correct interpretation to be placed on the phrase "existing law" in Article 31(5) and no question was raised under Article 254 of the Constitution and the effect of the absence of the President's assent to an Amending Act was not considered in that case.

Concurring with the aforesaid judgment, Das, J held that whether Amending Act is new Act or not is material for the purpose of Article 254 and that such a continuation of the Act would require the assent of the President so as to make the State law prevail over the existing law. From this decision also, it cannot be stated that the Court arrived at the conclusion that by extending duration of a temporary statute, new and KAISER-I-HIND PVT. LTD. v. N. T. C. [M. B. SHAH, . l. ] 593 independent statute comes into existence. Reliance is also placed on decision rendered by the High Court of Allahabad in Benaras Electric Light and Power Co. Ltd. 's case (supra). In that case, the Court considered the observation made by the Douglas, J.

, Maxwell on Interpretation of Statutes, Craies (in Treatise on Statute Law) and referred to Heman Santlal's case and observed that in the eye of law, the extending Act did not place any new legislation on the statute book; the various continuing Acts had, in law, the effect of continuing in force the original Act of 1947 as it was; they were not fresh legislation on the subject of electricity. As against this, Mr. Nariman learned senior counsel submitted that the High Court has rightly referred to the decision rendered by this Court in Kera/a State Electricity Board's case (supra) for arriving at the conclusion that by amending and extending duration ofthe temporary statute and thereafter obtaining the assent of the President would mean that there is re-enactment of the existing law. In that case, Constitution Bench was considering the . validity of Kerala State Electricity Supply (Kerala State Electricity Board and Licensees Areas) Surcharge Order, 1968.

That order was passed in exercise of the powers conferred by Section 3 of the Kerala Essential Articles Control (Temporary Powers) Act, 1961. It obliged the Board to collect surcharges from non-licensee consumers of electricity even though the Board may have entered into long-term contracts with them with regard to the rate at which electricity is to be supplied to them. The Court, firstly, observed that the Act in question in pith and substance was with respect to trade and commerce and production, supply and distribution; it was not a permanent legislation with respect to electricity but a temporary one dealing with a temporary situation thereafter and that it was a matter falling under Entries No. 26 and 27 of List p II. Thereafter, while dealing with the alternative submission, the Court observed thus: - "The Kerala Act insofar as it deals with electricity can be deemed to be legislation under Entry 38 of List III.

Though the Act itself has not declared any article as an essential article, when a declaration was made under Section 2(a) in 1965 declaring electricity as an essential article for the purposes of the Act, it became part of the Act. When the President assented to the Kera/a Act in 1962 it may be that it cannot be deemed that he had assented to it on the basis that the provisions ofthat Act were repugnant to some Act made by Parliament or some existing law in the concurrent field because there was nothing in the Act itself which made it repugnant to any Act passed by Parliament or any existing law. But when he assented in 1967 to the Act extending 1he life of the Kera/a Act by another two years the declaration of electricity as an essential article had been made and should be deemed to have become part of the Act. So far we are in agreement with the argument of the learned Solicitor General.

But when he goes further and argues that in so far as the consequence of such declaration was that the State Government was enabled to make orders regarding production, supply and distribution of electricity, there was a possibility of such orders being repugnant to the provisions of the Electricity Act, 1910 and the Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948 and therefore any such repugnance was cured by the assent given by the President, we cannot agree. We agree that the assent should be deemed not merely to the substitution of the words "five years" by the words "seven years" in the Kerala Act, but to the Act as a whole, , . that is, as amended by the 1967 Act and any repugnance between the Kerala Act and the Electricity Act, 1910 and the Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948 should be deemed to have . been cured by such assent. When assenting to the 1967 Act the President should naturally have looked into the whole Act, that is, the 1961 Act as amended by the 1967 Act.

But the declaration itself did 1wt create any repugnancy with the 1948 Act. It was in 1968 that the Surcharge Order was made, in pursuance of which the bills were served on the various respondents in these appeals and demands made for enhancing charges for electricity. And it was the Surcharge Order that can be said to create the repugnancy if at all. It is only actual repugnancy that can be cured by Presidential assent and not the possibility of repugnancy. " From the aforesaid observations, it is clear that when the President gave assent to Kerala Act in 1962, there was no repugnancy to the Act made by the Parliament or some existing law in concurrent field. However, before grant of subsequent assent in 1967 to the Act extending the life of the Kerala Act by another two years, the declaration of electricity as an essential article had been made and was part of the Act.

Thereafter, the Court observed that the assent of the President should be deemed not merely to the substitution of the words "five years" by the words "seven years" in the Kerala Act but to the Act as a whole, that is the Act as amended by the 1967 Act and any repugnancy between the Kerala Act and Electricity Act, 1910 and the Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948 should be deemed to have been cured by such KAISER-I-HIND PVT. LTD. v. N. T. C. [M. B. SHAH . . I. ) 595 assent. From the aforesaid discussion, it would appear that (a) if there is extension ofthe duration of the temporary Act, it cannot be said that new Act is enacted, old act continues and its life is extended; (b) however, while extending the duration if there is any substantial amendment in the statutory provisions as found in Basantilal Banarsi/a/'s case (Supra), it cannot be said that it was mere extension of existing law.

Additional contention:- On behalf of the appellant, following additional ground is raised in the written submission. "Article 254(1) incorporates the principle of Supremacy of Parliamentary law - it applies to any provision of "a law made by the Legislature of a State" which is repugnant to any Parliamentary law or (which is repugnant) to any existing law. Article 254(1) opening part, does not expressly give supremacy to Parliamentary law over· existing State/Provincial law - i. e. law made in the Provinces before · the Constitution: hence Constitution, the Bombay Amending Act 43 of 1951 (the first law enacted by the State legislature after the Constitution) - even though a mere extension law - must Constitutionally be regarded as a law made by the legislature of a State, for purposes of applicability of Article 254(1 ), which it could only be if it was a substantive law re-enacting or incorporating the provisions ofthe Act 1947 Act, post-Constitution.

That it was reserved for the consideration of the President and received his assent lends support to the fact that it was not a mere extension but treated as substantive enactment. " The aforesaid submission requires to be rejected mainly because Article 254 (I) as quoted above clearly inter a/ia provides that if any provision of a law made by the legislature of State is repugnant to any provision of a law made by Parliament then the law made by Parliament, whether passed before or after the law made by the legislature of such State, shall prevail. It also provides that the law made by the legislature of the State shall, to the extent of repugnancy, be void. Fmther, in the present case, there is no question of considering that the Bombay Rent Act was an existing law as defined under Article 366( I0).

Explanation Ill to Article 372 specifically provides that nothing in the said Article shall be construed as continuing any temporary law in force beyond the date fixed for its expiration or the date on which it would have expired if the Constitution had not come into force. Therefore, there is no question of applying the concept of "existing law" as defined under Article 366 to a law of which duration is extended from time to time. Article 254(1 ), inter alia, also provides that if any provision of a law made by the Legislature of State is repugnant to any provision of an existing law, the existing law shall prevail and law made by the Legislature of the State shall to the extent of repugnancy be void but in the present case there is no ques