MAHMOOD AND ANR. v. STATE OF U.P

Citation: [2007] 12 S.C.R. 51

Court: Supreme Court of India

Bench: ALTAMAS KABIR, B. SUDERSHAN REDDY

Case summary

MAHMOOD AND ANR. v. STATE OF U.P.pdf

Judgment text

MAHMOOD AND ANR. v. STATEOFU. P. NOVEMBER 15, 2007 [ALTAMAS KABIR AND B. SUDERSHAN REDDY,JJ. ) Penal Code, 1860-s. 302 rlw s. 149 and ss.

147, 148 and 379- Murderous assault onfather ofPWJ withfire-arms and lathis-Five accused-Prosecution case entirelyresting upon direct evidence ofPWs 1,2 and3-PW1 stating details ofthe incident in his F'/R-Conviction ofall accused by Courts below-On appeal by two convicts, held: Sequence ofevents clearly indicate that FIR was not ante-timed and unte-dated as alleged by defence-Nothing unnatural about conduct ofPW-1-He gave detailed version as to manner ofassault and role playedbyeach accused-PW-2 andPW-3 were independent witnesses and their testimony fully corroborated with testimony ofPW-1- Presence ofPW-1 at the scene ofoffence cannot be considereddoubtful merely because he made no attempt to save his father from being further assaulted-PW-I may not have mustered courage to risk his own life-Response in such situations may differ from person to person-Common object of unlawful assembly is evident from fact that some ofthem were armed with deadly weapons-None ofthem were curious onlookers or spectators-Conviction maintained.

Code ofCriminal Procedure, 1973-s. 157-Despatch ofSpecial Report bySHOto localMagistrate- Time limitfor-Held:No universal rule as to within what time Special Report requiredto be despatched- Each case turns on its ownfacts- Delay in despatch ofFIR by itself notacircumstance which can throw outprosecution case in its entirety, particularly when cogent and reasonable explanationfor such delay isprovided. Evidence- Medical opinion v. Ocular evidence-Held: Ocular evidence ifotherwise acceptable has to be given importance over 52 SUPREME COURT REPOR1S \2007] \2 S. C. R. medical opinion. According to the prosecution, five persons including the two Appellants assaulted the father ofPWl with guns and lathis while he was returning to his village on a motorcycle which resulted in his death. Both Trial Court and the High Court convicted all the accused persons including the Appellants. Appellant No. I was convicted under Section 302 r/w 149 and Section 148 IPC, while Appellant No.

2 was convicted under Section 302 r/w 149 IPC and under Sections 147 and 379 IPC. In appeal to this Court, the conviction of Appellants was primarily challenged on the ground that the FIR lodged by PW-1 was ante-timed and ante-dated and brought into existence after due deliberations and considerations with the police. Dismissing the appeal, the Court HELD: 1. 1. FIR in a criminal case and particularly in murder case is a vital and valuable piece of evidence for the purpose of appreciating evidence led by the prosecution at the trial. FIR is the earliest information regarding the circumstances underwhich the crimewas committed, including the names ofthe actual culprits and the part played by them, the weapons, ifany, used as also the names ofthe eye-witnesses, ifany. Delay in lodging the FIR may result in embelishment, which is a creature ofan after thought.

With a view to determine whether the FIR was lodged at the time it is alleged to have been recorded, the Courts generally look for certain external checks. One ofthe check is the receipt ofthe copy ofthe FIR, called as a Special Report in a murder case, by the local Magistrate. [Para 8) [59-E-H; 60-A] 1. 2. It is the duty of the Station House Officer to despatch Special Report to the Illaqua Magistrate as is required under Section 157(2), CrPC. But there may be variety of factors and circumstances for delay in despatch of the FIR and its receipt by the local Magistrate. [Para 13) [61-E-F] 1. 3. Delay in despatch of FIR by itself is not a circumstance MAHMOODv. STATE which can throw out the prosecution's case in its entirety, particularly in cases where the prosecution provides cogent and reasonable explanation for the delay in despatch of the FIR. [Para 10] 1. 4.

It is not possible to lay down any universal rule as to within what time the special report is required to be despatched by the Station House officer after recording the FIR. Each case turns on its own facts. [Para 12) [61-D) Meharaj Singh v. Stale ofUP. [1994] 5 SCC 188; Anil Rai v. Stale ofBihar, (2001] 7 SCC 318; Alla China Apparao & Ors. v. State of A. P. , JT (2002) 8 SC 167; Balaka Singh and Ors. v. State ofPunjab, AIR (1975) SC (1962); Dalar Singh v. The State ofPunjab, [1975) 4 SCC 272 and Budh Singh & Ors. v. State ofUP. JT (2006) 11SC503, referred to. 2. 1. In the present case, it is in the evidence of P. W. 1 that he rushed to the police station by a bicycle and lodged written FIR within 1Yi hours of the incident. The distance between the place of occurrence and the police station is about 9 kms. It is in the evidence ofPWl that he took about 15-20 minutes to prepare his report and nobody advised him in preparation ofthe report. Hewentto the police station all alone.

There is no reason whatsoever to disbelieve this version given by PWl. There is nothing unnatural and unusual in PWl stating the details of the incident in his written FIR. The behavioral pattern and response of individuals in a given situation may differ from person to person. From a bare reading of the FIR, one does not find anything artificial in it. It cannot be said to be a contrived one brought into existence after due deliberations as contended by the appellant. (Para 16] (62-C-E] 2. 2. The inquest report was prepared on the spot and the body was sent for post-mortem examination. The Inquest Report specifically refers to the lodging of FIR by PW 1 at 4. 45 p. m. on 19. 02. 1977. The mere fact that crime number is not mentioned in the Inquest Report is ofno significance. [Para 17] (62-F-G) 2. 3. The sequence of events, namely, that PW 7, the officer-in- / ' 54 t charge ofPolice Station, Kothi, reached the scene ofoffence at 6. 00 ' p. m.

and pn~pared Inquest Report duly mentioning about lodging of the FIR by PW 1at4. 45 p. m. on 19th February, 1977 followed by despatch ofthe dead body to the hospital which reached the hospital by 9. 30 p. m. and the post-mortem examination at 9. 30 a. m. on 20th February, 1977 in clear and unequivocal terms reveal that the FIR was lodged at the time it is stated to have been recorded. It cannot be treated as an ante-timed and ante-dated one. [Para 18] [62-H; 63-AJ 3. 1. Arrest ofone Maiku Bhujwa on 19th February, 1977 at 3. 00 p. m. in Crime No. 17 under Section 147 etc. and his being lodged in police station at about 5. 30 p. m. by two constables has been used as a sheet anchor to challenge the time ofFIR by saying that ifthe two constables were summoned by Station Officer, on reaching the place of occurrence, then in all probability Station Officer reached the place of occurrence by 3. 00 p. m. even before the FIR was issued. [Para 19] [63-C-D] 3. 2.

The High Court adverting to this aspect of the matter observed that the investigating officer PW7 does not say that he arrested Maiku Bhujwa. Moreover, arrest of Maiku was not in connection with the murder in question, but was in connection with another case. Most importantly, what could have been the object behind delaying the time ofoccurrence ofreaching PW7, on the spot, has not been made clear. The arrest of Maiku at about 3. 00 p. m. and his lodging in Hawalat at 5. 30 p. m. by two constables, does not militate against the time ofFIR as shown in police papers. It is also possible that some manipulation was made in the context ofthe arrest ofMaiku, to make the case against him more sound. [Para 20) (63-E-F) 4. 1. The prosecution story entirely rests upon the direct evidence ofPW Nos. I, 2 and 3. PW-1 is none other than the son of deceased. He was present in his fields situated nearby the place of 'occurrence where his father was attacked. PW-1 no doubt was doing his part time G. N.

S. in plantation at Lucknow but that itselfwould not make his presence doubtful at the scene ofoffence on the fateful MAHMOODv. STATE 55 day. The defence did not elicit anything in the cross-examination casting any doubt about the presence of PW-1 at the scene of offence. There is nothing unnatural about the conduct ofPW-1 at the scene ofoccurrence. He gave detailed version as to the manner of assault and the role played by each of the accused. The names of PW-2 and PW-3 were also mentioned as eye-witnesses in the First Information Report itself. In the circumstances, PW-2 and PW-3 .. cannot be treated as chance witnesses. The Trial Court and as well as the High Court did not commit any error in relying on the testimony of PW-2 and PW-3 as eye-witnesses of the occurrence which fully stands corroborated with the testimony ofPW-1. There was not even a suggestion to PW-2 and PW-3 that they had animosity towards the accused persons.

They are independent witnesses and there is no reason for them to speak against the accused. [Para 22) (64-B-E) 4. 2. The contention that the presence of PW-1 at the scene of offence was highly doubtful as he made no attempt whatsoever to save his father from being further assaulted, is without any substance. It is in the evidence ofPW-1 that all the four shots were fired in quick succession and at that moment PW-1 was at some distance from the actual place of attack. Notably at least 2 accused were armed with fire-arms and one with lathi and they were using the weapons with all impunity. In such circumstances, PW-1 may not have mustered his courage to jump into the fray and risk his own life. It is very difficult to predict or express any opinion as to what could have been normal or natural conduct of a person in such a situation. Response ofindividuals in such situations may differ from person to person.

It is not possible to reject the evidence or doubt the presence ofPW-1 on that ground. (Para 23) (64-F-H; 65-A) 5. 1. To a pointed query in cross-examination as regards the nature of injury no. 1, PW5, the Medical Officer stated that the said injury was caused by bullet only. The Appellant contended that weapons in the hands ofthe accused even according to PW-1 were of12 bore guns and not any pistols or revolvers and no bullet injury could have been caused with the fire-arms that were alleged to be / in the hands of the assailants. There is no substance in this ( submission. The Medical Officer is not ballistic expert. He was not expected to answer as to whether injury no. 1 could have been caused by bullet alone. His opinion to that extent is of no consequence. It is not possible to disbelieve the evidence of PW-1, 2 and 3 and their presence at the scene ofoccurrence based on the medical evidence. The High Court rightly observed that the controversy as regards injury No.

1 and whether the same could have been caused by bullet .. or pellet to be without any basis. [Para 25] [65-F-H; 66-A-D) 5. 2. Medical evidence is only an evidence of opinion and it is not conclusive and when oral evidence is found to be inconsistent with the medical opinion, the question ofrelying upon one or the other would depend upon the facts and circumstances of each case. No hard and fast rule can be laid down therefor. The ocular evidence if othenvise is acceptable has to be given importance over medical opinion. [Para 25] [66-A-B] 6. The State rightly contended that in case ofattack by members ofun-lawful assembly on the victim in furtherance ofcommon object, it is not necessary for the prosecution to establish overt-act done by each accused. Noticeably, A-1 who had fired two shots, convicted by the Sessions Court, did not even challenge his conviction in the High Court. The appellants have been rightly convicted under Section 302 read with aid of Section 149 ofIPC.

PW-5 in his evidence stated that all the injuries sustained by the deceased were from gun. It is further stated that "from the body ofdeceased one bullet, one cover 'tikli', two dat and 40 'chare' shots were taken out, put in packet and scaled ...... " It is also stated in his evidence that injuries caused on the body of the deceased were sufficient in the normal course to cause death. This part of the medical evidence if juxtaposed with the oral evidence of PW-1, 2 and 3 it becomes unnecessary to go into the question as to which accused caused what injury and which was a fatal one. Once a membership ofan unlawful assembly is established, it is not incumbent on the prosecution to establish any specific overt-act to any ofthe accused for fastening of liability with the aid of section 149 of the IPC. Commission of ) / overt-act by each member ofthe unlawful assembly is not necessary.

The common object ofthe unlawful assembly ofthe accused in the present case is evident from the fact that some ofthem were armed with deadly weapons. None of them were curious onlookers or spectators to the macabre drama that was enacted on 19. 2. 1977 at 3. 30 p. m. at galiyara, village Badipur. [Para 26) (66-E-H; 67-A] . , CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. 402 of 2006. From the final Judgment and Order dated 17. 5. 2005 ofthe High Court ofJudicature at Allahabad, Lucknow Bench, Lucknow in Cr!. A. No. 367/1980. Harjinder Singh, R. C. Kohli, Shikha Tyagi and Seema Juneja for the Appellants. Shail Kumar Dwivedi, A. AG. , A. K. Jha, Prashant Choudhary, Vandana Mishra and Manoj Dwivedi for the Respondent. _, The Judgment ofthe Court was delivered by B. SUDERSHAN REDDY, J. This is an appeal by special leave preferred by the appellants - Mahmood and Khaliq.

The appellant - Mahmood has been convicted for the offence punishable under Section 302 read with Section 149 of IPC and sentenced to imprisonment for life. He has been also convicted wider Section 148 ofIPC and sentenced to undergo rigorous imprisonment for 1Yi year. The second appellant has been convicted for the offence punishable under Section 302 read with Section 149 and sentenced to undergo life imprisonment. He has been further convicted under Section 147 of IPC and sentenced to undergo one year rigorous imprisonment and further convicted under Section 379 ofIPC and sentenced to undergo rigorous imprisonment for a period of two years. Put briefly the prosecution case is as follows : ) On. 19th February, 1977 at about 4. 45 p. m. the accused Ram Samujh and Mahmood - appellant No. I both armed with guns, Khalid appellant No. 2, Bajrang and one unidentified person armed with lathi .

58 l '- assaulted deceased Ram Singh at Galiyara near the fields ofRam Sewak ( Ahir, while he was returning to his village Badipur on his motorcycle. It was alleged that the accused Ram Samujh and Mahmood fired four shots, as a result ofwhich the deceased fell down injured and thereafter Khaliq snatched the licensed revolver belonging to the deceased and all the five fled away from the scene. Ram Singh died on the spot. The incident of murderous attack was witnessed by Jaikirat Singh (P. W. l) who is none other than the son ofdeceased- Ram Singh, Ram Ratan (P. W. 2), resident of village Sujerpur hamlet ofBodipur and Ram Adhar (P. W. 3). P. W. l lodged written First Information Report Ext. Ka. l on the same day at 4. 45 p. m. naming all the accused and the manner in which the murderous attack on the deceased had taken place. Jagdamba Prasad Dwivedi (P. W. 7) the office in-charge ofPolice station, Kothi rushed to the scene ofoffence at about 6. 00 p. m.

and found the dead body of Ram Singh and his motorcycle in galiyara near the fields of Ram Sewak Ahir. The broken pieces of the skull ofthe deceased and broken three teeth were seized from the place of occurrence. The discharged cartridge and tickli were also seized from the spot. P. W. 7 after preparing the Inquest Report (Ext. Ka. 7) sent the dead body for conducting post-mortem. Dr. R. S. Katiyar P. W. 5 performed the autopsy on the dead body on 20th February, 1977 at about 9. 45 a. m. and found as many as five ante-mortem gun shot wounds. Acap ofcartridge was extricated from the brain ofthe deceased. Scalp bones were found fractured. It was found that vital organs like peritoneum, liver, kidneys were badly ruptured. In the opinion of the doctor, the cause of death was due to shock and hemorrhage resulting from ante-mortem injuries. The investigation ofthe case was transferred in the first week of March. 1977 to CBCID. Inspector M. L.

Gautam having completed rest ofthe investigation submitted chargesheet against the appellants and other accused. The accused have denied the charges framed against them and took the plea that they have been falsely implicated due to enmity. The accused were accordingly put on trial. The prosecution in order to establish its case in altogether exan1ined 8witnesses and got marked 39 documents as Exts. Ka. I-39. Amongst the witnesses examined by the prosecution, Jaikirath Singh, Ram Ratan and Ram Adhar (P. Ws. 1,2 and 3) respectively were eye-witnesses to the murderous attack on the deceased. TI1e accused also l MAHMOODv. STATE[B. SUDERSHANREDDY,J. ] / 1 led evidence and examined Virendra Singh DW 1, Laxmi Narain Sinha DW 2 and Bindra Charan DW 3. The learned Sessions Judge upon appreciation ofthe oral evidence and material on record found all the accused guilty ofthe charges framed against them and sentenced them to various terms of imprisonment.

On appeal the High Court ofAllahabad confirmed the conviction and sentences imposed by the learned Sessions Judge. The appellants who are accused No. 2 and 3 respectively alone have preferred this appeal by special leave, challenging their conviction and sentence. We have elaborately heard the learned senior counsel Shri Harjinder Singh and Shri R. C. Kohli as well as Shri Shail Kumar Dwivedi, learned Additional Advocate General for the State. The learned senior counsel Shri Harjinder Singh mainly contended that the FIR lodged by P. W. l Jaikirath Singh was ante-timed and antedated and brought into existence after due deliberations and consultations \Vith the police. According to the learned senior counsel, the special report required to be sent to the superior authorities and a copy of check FIR to the Illaqua Magistrate as required under Section 157 ofthe Code ofCriminal Procedure was not sent by the police. That apart arrest ofMaiku Bhujwa before 3. 40 p. m.

and his detention in the police station at 5. 30 p. m. a. nd also the fact that some seizure memos, prepared by Investigating Officer on the same day which do not bear any crime number, are more than sufficient to doubt the timings ofFIR Ext. Ka. I. There is no doubt that FIR in a criminal case and particularly in murder case is a vital and valuable piece ofevidence for the purpose of appreciating evidence led by the prosecution at the trial. FIR is the earliest information regarding the circumstances under which the crime was committed, including the nan1es ofthe actual culprits and the part played by them, the weapons, ifany, used as also the names ofthe eye-witnesses, _. } ifany. Delay in lodging the FIR may result in embelishment, which is creature ofan after thought. This court in Meharaj Singh v. State ofUP. observed that with a view to determine whether the FIR was lodged at I. [1994] s sec 188.

the time it is alleged to have been recorded, the courts generally look for certain external checks. One ofthe check is the receipt ofthe copy of the FIR, called as a Special Report in a murder case, by the local Magistrate. "Ifthis report is received by the Magistrate late it can give rise to an inference that the FIR was not lodged at the time it is alleged to have been recorded, unless, of course, the prosecution can offer a satisfactory explanation for the delay in despatching or receipt ofthe copy ofthe FIR by the local Magistrate. The second external check equally important is sending ofcopy ofthe FIR along with the dead body and its reference in the Inquest Report. " This court while construing Section 157 ofthe Code of Criminal 2 Procedure 'lnAnil Rai v.

State ofBihar observed that the said provision is designed to keep the Magistrate informed ofthe investigation ofsuch cognizable offence so as to be able to control the investigation and if necessary to give appropriate direction under Section 159 ofthe Code. "But where the FIR is shown to have actually been recorded without delay and investigation started on the basis ofthe FIR, the delay in sending the copy ofthe report to the Magistrate cannot ? Y itselfjustify the conclusion that the investigation was tainted and the prosecution insupportable. " This court further took the view that the delay contemplated under Section 157 ofthe Code for doubting the authenticity of the FIR is not every delay but only extra-ordinary and unexplained delay.

We do not propose to burden this short judgment ofours with various authoritative pronouncements on the subject since the law is so well settled that delay in despatch of FIR by itself is not a circumstance which can throw out the prosecution's case in its entirety, particularly in cases where the prosecution provides cogent and reasonable explanation for the delay in despatch ofthe FIR. The same p1inciple has been reiterated by this court in Alla China 3 Apparao & Ors. v. State ofA. P. wherein this court while constrning the expression "forthwith" in Section(! ) ofCode ofCriminal Procedure observed that" it is a matter ofcommon experience that there has been 2. r200111 sec 318. • 3. JT (2002) 8 SC 167. • } tremendous rise in the crime resulting into enormous volume ofwork, but /? increase in the police force has not been made in the same proportion.

In view ofthe aforesaid factors, the expression "forthwith" within the meaning ofSection 157(1) obviously cannot mean that the prosecution is required to explain every hour's delay in sending the first information report to the magistrate, ofcourse, the same has to be sent with reasonable despatch, which would obviously mean within a reasonable possible time in the circumstances prevailing. Therefore, in our view, the first information report was sent to the magistrate with reasonable promptitude and no delay at all was caused in forwarding the same to the magistrate. In any view ofthe matter, even ifmagistrate's court was closed by and the first information report reached him within six hours from the time of its lodgment, in view ofthe increase in work load, we have no hesitation in saying that even in such a case it cannot be said that there was any delay at all in forwarding the first information report to the magistrate.

" It is not possible to lay down any universal rule as to within what time the special report is required to be despatched by the Station House officer after recording the FIR. Each case turns on its own facts. The learned senior counsel invited our attention to the judgments of 4 this court in Ba/aka Singh and Ors. v. State ofPunjab and Datar Singh 5 v. The State ofPunjab in which this court highlighted the importance ofdespatch ofspecial report to the Illaqua Magistrate. There is no dispute with the proposition that it is the duty ofthe Station House Officer to despatch Special Report to the Illaqua Magistrate as is required under Section 157(2) of the Code of Criminal Procedure. But there may be variety offactors and circumstances for the delay in despatch ofthe FIR and its receipt by the local Magistrate. The existence ofFIR and its time may become doubtful in cases where there is no satisfactory and proper explanation from the investigating agencies. In Budh Singh & Ors. v.

State ofUP6, this court while making reference of the regulations made by the State ofU. P. in terms of the j 4. AIR (1975) SC 1962. 5. [19751 4 sec 2n 6. . IT (2006) 11 SC 503 U. P. Police Act held the regulations to be statutory in nature. The regulations provide the procedure as to how and in what fonn the infonnation relating to commission of acognizable offence when given to an officer in-charge of a police station is to be recorded and sent to superior officers. The regulations are procedural in nature which are meant for the guidance of the police. The regulations do not supplant but supplement the provisions of Code of Criminal Procedure. We shall now consider the facts ofthe present case and apply the law declared by this court in more than one decision. It is in the evidence ofJaikirath Singh (P. W. 1) that he rushed to the police station by a bicycle and lodged written FIR Ext. Ka. I v. ~thin 1 Yi hours of the incident.

The distance between the place of occurrence and the police station is about 9 kms. It is in his evidence that he took about 15-20 minutes to prepare his report and nobody advised him in preparation ofthe report. He went to the police station all alone. We do not find any ' reason whatsoever to disbelieve this version given by PW I. There is nothing unnatural and unusual in PW I stating the details ofthe incident in his written FIR Ext. Ka. I. The behavioral pattern and response of individuals in a given situation may differ from person to person. From a bare reading ofthe FIR Ext. Ka. I we do not find anything artificial in it. It cannot be said to be a contrived one brought into existence after due deliberations as contended by the counsel for the appellant. Be it noted, Jagdamba Prasad Dwivedi, PW 7, the officer in-charge ofpolice station, Kothi having received the relevant papers in village Sethmau, rushed to the place ofoccurrence and reached there at about 6. 00 p. m.

where he found the dead body ofRam Singh. 111e inquest report Ext. Ka. 7 was prepared on the spot and the body was sent for postmortem examination. The Inquest Report Ext. Ka. 7 specifically refers to the lodging of FIR by PW I at 4. 45 p. m. on 19. 02. 1977. The mere fact that crime number is not mentioned in the Inquest Report is of no significance. The sequence of events, namely, that Jagdamba Prasad Dwivedi - PW 7 reached the scene of offence at 6. 00 p. m. and prepared Inquest Report duly mentioning about lodging ofthe FIR by PW I at 4. 45 p. m. on 19th February, 1977 followed by despatch ofthe dead body to the hospital which reached the hospital by 9. 30 p. m. and the post-mortem examination at 9. 30 a. m. on 20th February, 1977 in clear and unequivocal terms reveal that the FIR was lodged at the time it is stated to have been recorded. It cannot be treated as an ante-timed and ante-dated one.

It is required to note that 20th February, 1977 being Sunday, the Illaqua Magistrate received special report on 21st February, 1977. The special report was despatched by dak. Arrest ofone Maiku Bhujwa on 19th February, 1977 at 3. 00 p. m. in Crime No. 17 under Section 147 etc. and his being lodged in police station at about 5. 30 p. m. by two constables Ram Naresh and Ram Tool Misra as shown in Exts. Ka. 3 and 4 has been used as a sheet anchor to challenge the time of FIR Ext. Ka. I by saying that ifthe two constables were summoned by Station Officer, on reaching the place ofoccurrence, then in all probability Station Officer reached the place ofoccurrence by 3. 00 p. m. even before the FIR was issued. The High Court adverting to this aspect ofthe matter observed "the investigating officer Sri Dwivedi does not say that he arrested Maiku Bhujwa. Moreover, arrest of Maiku was not in connection with the murder in question, but was in connection with another case.

Most importantly, what could have been the object behind delaying the time of occurrence ofreaching Sri Dwivedi, on the spot, has not been made clear by Sri Kidwai. We are of the view that arrest ofMaiku at about 3. 00 p. m. and his lodging in Hawalat at 5. 30 p. m. by two constables, does not militate against the time of FIR Ext. Ka-1 as shown in police papers. It is also possible that some manipulation was made in the context ofthe arrest ofMaiku, to make the case against him more sound. " We do not find any fallacy or error in the reasoning of the High Court. For the aforesaid reasons we do not find any substance in the submission made by the learned senior counsel about the ante-time and ante-dating ofthe FIR. The findings in this regard as recorded by Sessions Judge as well as the High Court are supported by acceptable evidence andthere is no reason to take a different view.

It is well settled that this court normally does not reappreciate the evidence unless it is shown that the findings are patently enoneous or perverse in nature. However, in order to satisfy ourselves we have looked into the evidence ofPWs I,2,3 and 7 and we are satisfied that the FIR was lodged on the date and time as stated by the prosecution. The prosecution story entirely rests upon the direct evidence ofPW Nos. 1, 2 and 3. PW-I is none other than the son ofdeceased Ram Singh. He was present in his fields situated nearby the place ofoccurrence where his father was attacked. Jaikirat (PW-I) no doubt was doing his part time G. N. S. in plantation at Lucknow but that itself would not make his presence doubtful at the scene ofoffence on the fateful day. The defence did not elicit anything in the cross-examination casting any doubt about the presence ofPW-I at the scene ofoffence. There is nothing unnatural about the conduct of PW-I at the scene ofoccurrence.

He gave detailed version as to the manner of assault and the role played by each of the accused. The names of PW-2 and PW-3 were also mentioned as eyewitnesses in the First Information Report itself. In the circumstances, PW- 2 and PW-3 cannot be treated as chance witnesses. The Trial Court and as well as the High Court did not commit any error in relying on the testimony of PW-2 and PW-3 as eye-witnesses ofthe occurrence which fully stands corroborated with the testimony of PW-1. Be that as it may, there was not even a suggestion to PW-2 and PW-3 that they had animosity towards the accused persons. They are independent witnesses and there is no reason for them to speak against the accused. However, it was strenuously urged that the presence ofJaikirat (PW- 1) at the scene of offence is highly doubtful as he made no attempt whatsoever to save his father from being further assaulted. We find no substance in this contention.

It is in the evidence ofJaikirat (PW-1) that all the four shots were fired in quick succession and at that moment PW- 1was at some distance from the actual place ofattack. Be it noted that at least 2 accused were armed with fire-arms and one with lathi and they were using the weapons with all impunity. In such circumstances, Jaikirat (PW- I) may not have mustered his courage to jump into the fray and risk his own life. It is very difficult to predict or express any opinion as to what could have been normal or natural conduct of a person in such a situation. Response ofindividuals in such situations may differ from person to person. It is not possible to reject the evidence or doubt the presence _) MAHMOODv. STATElB. SUDERSHANREDDY,J. ] 65 ) ofPW-I on that ground. The post-mortem examination of the deceased Ram Singh was perfonned by Dr. R. S. Katiyar (PW-5). The post-mortem report is exhibit Ka-4.

The Medical Officer found the following ante-mortem injuries on the person ofthe deceased: I. A gun shot wound (wound ofentry) 3 cm x I cm. Over left I side offace just above the left side ofthe lower lip. Wound ofExt. 3 cm x 2 cm. Over the right parietal bone, 7 cm. Above the right ear. 2. A gun shot wound 2. 5 cm x 1cm. Over the right side offace below max. prominence. ~ . ). Multiple gun shot wounds in an area of 13 cm x 11 cm. Over the right side ofback below the inferior angle of scapula. 4. A gun shot wound (wound ofentry) 2 cm x 2 cm over the ,, right side ofthe back 2 cm. Right to 12th thoracic vertebra. 5. Multiple gun shot wounds in an area of9 cm. X 4 cm. Over the back and middle of right arm. Relying on his evidence the learned counsel for the appellant contended that the oral account as given by PW-1, 2 and 3 is at variance with medical evidence available on record.

It is contended that while according to the eye-witnesses all the four shots were fired from the gun, from right side ofthe victim, wound no. I (wound of entry) was on the left side ofthe face and caused by bullet and this evidence belies the claim ofeye witnesses that they saw the assault on Ram Singh. It is true that to a pointed query in cross-examination as regards the nature of injury no. 1, the Medical Officer stated that the said injury was caused by bullet only. The learned counsel contended that weapons in the hands of the accused even according to PW-1 were of 12 bore guns and not any pistols or revolvers. No bullet injury could have been caused with the / fire-arms that were alleged to be in the hands ofthe assailants. We find no substance in this submission. The Medical Officer is not ballistic expert. He was not expected to answer as to whether injury no. 1 could have been caused by bullet alone. His opinion to that extent is of no ( consequence.

It is well settled that medical evidence is only 811 evidence ofopinion and it is not conclusive and when oral evidence is found to be inconsistent with the medical opinion, the question ofrelying upon one or the other would depend upon the facts and circumstances ofeach case. No hard and fast rule can be laid down therefor. The ocular evidence if otherwise is acceptable has to be given importance over medical opinion. However, where the medical evidence totally improbabilises the ocular version the same can be taken to be a factor to affect credibility of the prosecution version. We are not inclined to place any reliance upon the opinion ofthe Medical Officer that the injury no. I could have been caused only with bullet since he is not a ballistic expert. This part ofthe evidence ofthe Medical Officer cannot be considered to be the opinion ofan expert and the same has no evidentiary value.

It is not possible to jisbelieve the evidence ofPW-1, 2 and 3 and their presence at the scene ofoccurrence based on the medical evidence. The High Court rightly ob:;erved that the controversy as regards injury No. 1 and whether the same could have been caused by bullet or pellet to be without any basis. The learned counsel for the State rightly contended that in case of attack by members ofun-lawful assembly on the victim in furtherance of common object, it is not necessary for the prosecution to ~stablish overtact done by each accused. It is required to be noticed that Ram Smujh (A-I) who had fired two shots, convicted by the Session> Court, did not even challenge his conviction in the High Court. The appellants have been rightly convicted under Section 302 read with aid ofSec':ion 149 ofIPC. PW-5 in his evidence stated that all the injuries sustained by the deceased were from gun.

It is further stated that "from the body ofdeceased one bullet, one cover 'tikli', two <lat and 40 'chare' shots were taken out, put in packet and sealed ........ "It is also stated in his evidence that injuries caused on the body ofthe deceased were sufficient in the normal course to cause death. This part ofthe medical evidence ifjuxtaposed witl1 the oral evidence of PW-1, 2 and 3 it becomes unnecessary to go into the question as to which accused caused what injury and which was a fatal one. Once a membership ofan unlawful assembly is established, it is not incumbent on the prosecution to establish any specifi~ overt-act to any ofthe accused for fastening of liability with the aid of section 149 ofthe IPC. Commission ofovert-act by each member ofthe unlawful assembly ' ( is not necessary. The common object of the unlawful assembly ofthe A accused in the present case is evident from the fact that some of them were armed with deadly weapons.

None ofthem were curious onlookers or spectators to the macabre drama that was enacted on 19. 2. 1977 at 3. 30 p. m. at galiyara, village Badipur. B For the aforesaid reasons, we find no merit in this appeal. The appeal is accordingly dismissed. B. B. B. Appeal dismissed.