M.M. QUASIM v. MANOHAR LAL SHARMA & ORS

Citation: [1981] 3 S.C.R. 367

Court: Supreme Court of India

Bench: D.A. DESAI, R.S. PATHAK, E.S. VENKATARAMIAH

Case summary

Relevant to the second contention the H igh Court observed that the appellant did not challenge the finding of the two courts below on the question of default in payment of rent....

Judgment text

A 367 y M. M. QUASlM v. 8 MANOHAR LAL SHARMA & ORS. April 7, 1981 (D. A. DESAI, R. S. PATHAK AND E. S. VENKATARAMIAH, JJ. ] Bihar BuildingJ· (Lease, Rent and Eviction) Control Act 1947-S. r. 2(d), JJ(I)(c) Expln. and ll(I)(d)-Landlord-Meaning of-Suit for eviction a/tenant c on ground o[bo11ajide persolUJI requirement aud default-Partition of properties of landlord- Suit property a/lolled to a perso11not a party to the eviction proceedings - Whether landlord entitled to maintain and continue evtrtion proceedings. Interpretation ofStatures-Admin/strtlfion a/ Rent Acrs-Co_urts to bear in mind object and intendment oflegislaturt. D Words and Phrases-Land/ord-Meanin. t? of-Ss. 2(d) and II(I)(c) Expln. Bihar Buildings (Lease, RtJu and EvictiOII) Control Act, 1947. Respondents 1 and 2 are the brother's sons of Respondent No. 3.

These respondents commenced an action for ejectment of the appellant from a shop under section JJ(l)(c) & (d) of the Bihar Buildings (Lease, Rent and Eviction) Control Act, 1947, alleging that the respondents in good fnilh required posses· E sion of the shop for opening an office and a clinic by the first respondent who had become a qualified medical practitioner, and that there was default In payment of rent for a period of three months i. e. September, October and November, 1972. The appellant contested the suit for eviction contending that he did not commit default in payment of rent for tho three months uod that the same was paid but no receipt was passed and that ! IS the respondents were avoiding the statutory liability of passing the receipt acknowledging payment F · ofren t, the appellant was forced to send the rent by money-order from December, 1"972 and he sent the same month after month, und therefore, he could not be dubbed a defaulter.

The ground for personal requirement was controverted contending that the property belonged to a flrm, and therefore, the same cannot be claimed for the use of any one partner for his business other than the business of the firm. It was further contended that the respondents also owned . a number of houses and their requirementfor Respondent No. l was incorrect . ,.. G and unwarranted. The Trial Court held against the appellant both on the Question of default in payment ofrent and personal requirement and ordered eviction. The appellant preferred an appeal and when the appeal was pending before the appellate au thority, he moved an application under Order 41, Rule 27 of the H Code of CiviJ Procedure contending that there had been a partition of the properties amongst the members of the firm and the suit shop bad been alloued 368 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1981) 3S. C. R.

A to one 'P' who was neither a plaintiff nor a party to the proceedings and if the shop belonged to him as an exclusive owner, the respondents and espcciaJiy respondent No. l could not seck to evict the appellant for his personal require· meot of the suit shop. The appellate judge holding that the respondents were accepted by the appellant as the landlords of the suit shop, the subsequent partition decree would not help the appellant and agreeing with the find ing of the Trial Court that there was default in payment of rent for a period of three B months, he dismissed the appeal.

The second appeal to the High Court by the appellant was dismissed, hold· ing that the appellant had not moved the first appellate court with a proper application under order 41, rule 27 of the Code of Civil Procedure and as there was no such application on the record of the case the contention could not be entertained, and that the appellant d id not chaUenge the finding of the courts on the question of default in payment of rent.

c ,-·--" In the appeal to this Court, it was contended on behalf of the appellant tenant that : (I) the High Court was in error in rejecting the contention of the appellant that the ground of personal requirement was no more available to the respondents in view of the partition decree because not only the landlord must prove his requirement at the commencement of the action but the landlord for whose requirement the action is commenced must show that his D requirement continues throughout the course of proceedings and that he had a subsisting interest in the premises of which possession is sought for his own use, (2) the High Court was in error in observing that in the absence of a proper application under order 41, rule 27 the Court could not entertain the contention thereby sought to be raised, and that the finding that the appellant was in default in payment of rent for a period of two months yras not• questioned before it. E Allowing the appeal, HELD : I.

The decree of the H igh Court and the first appellate court are set aside and the case remanded to the first appellate court, which after granting the application under order 41, rule 27, and taking the certified copy of the decree in the partition suit on record and after giving an opportunity to F the parties to lead any additional evidence should decide, whether the partition . decree transfers the suit shop to 'P. ' exclusively and whether the respondents can maintain the action and are entitled to evict the appellant on the ground of personal requirement of respondent No. I andlor on the ground of default. . [385 G-386 Bl 2. The expres~ion 'landlord' which has been defined in section 2(d) of the G Rent Act is an inclusive definition couched in very wide language. This wide amplitude of the expression has however been cut down by ~the explanation appended to sub-clause (c) of sub-section (J) of section 11. The person claiming.

possession on the ground of his rea~onable requirement of the leased building must show that he is a land. lord in the sense that he is the owner of the building and has a right to occupy the same in his own right. A mere rent collector, though may be included in the expression landlord in its wide amplitude H ca11not be treated as landJord for the purposes of section IJ(l)(c). [376 G-·378 B} M. M. QUASIM V. M. L. SHARMA 369 3. The legislature by restricting the meaning of the expression 'landlord' A for the purpose of Section IJ(l)(c), manifested it~ intention namely that landlord alone can stte for eviction on the ground of his personal requirement if he is one who has a right against the whole world to occupy the building himself and y exclude any one holding a title lesser than his own. Such landlord who is an owner and who would have a right to occupy the building in his own right, can seek possession for his own use.

A rent collector or an rd of the case was not -( examined with the thoroughness as is expected in disposing of the appeal. In fact, the first appellate court whose grievance was that the application was filed after the arguments were concluded, bas had no objecti9n in treating the application to be one under order D 41, rule 27. It has been so treated and has been disposed of on merits as per the passage from the judgment extracted hereinbefore. The Hjgh Court, therefore, was squarely in error in rejecting the contention on the narrow ground that there was no proper application under order 4l , rule 27.

E Now, probing the merits of the contention, the first thing that stares in the face is whether where a suit is ·filed by a person claiming to be landlord on·tbe ground that he in good faith requires the suit premises for his own use and cccupation, would he still be entitled to a decree for possession on this grvund even if during the course of proceedings his interest in the suit premises has come to F a11 end and on the date of the final decree he had no subsisting interest in the suit premises? In other word~. how should the Court approach a proceeding under the Rent Act while taki ng into consideration the subsequent events which would non-suit the plaintiff? The expression 'landlord' has been defined in s.

2 (d) of the G Rent Act wbich reads as under : " landlord" includes the persons who fo r the time being is receiving, or is entitled to receive, the rent of a building wl~etber on his own account or on behalf or another, H or on account or on behalf ·or for the benefit, or himself and others or as an agent. trustee, executor, administrator, M. M. QUASJM 1'• . M. t. SHARMA (Desai, J. ) 377 receiver or guardian or who would so receive the rent, or . \ bl! entitled to receiv~ the rent if the building were let to a tenant. " The inclusive definition is couched in very wide language. However this wide amplitude of the expression· has been cut down by the explanation appended to sub-clause (c) of sub-se~tion (I) of s. 11 B which reads a under : " 11.

Eviction of tenants : (a) Notwithstanding anything contained In any contract or Jaw to the contrary but subject to the provisions of the I ndustrial Dispute Act, 1947 and c to those of section 12, where a tenant is in posses- ) sion of any building, he shall not be liable to eviction there-from except in execution of a decree passed by the Coun on one or more of the foUowing grounds;- D (c) Where the building is reasonably and in good faith required by the landlord for his own occupation or for the occupation of any person for whose benefit the building is held by the landlord; Provided that where the Court thinks that the reasonable requirement of such occupation may be substantially satisfied by evicting the tenant from a part only of the building and allowing the tenant to continue occupation of the rest and the tenant agrees to such occupation the Court shall pass a decree accordingly.

and fix F proportionately fair rent f()f the portion in occupation of the tenant, which portion shall thenceforth constitute the building within the meaning of clause (aa) of section 2. and the rent so fixed sha11 be deemed to be the fa1r rent fixed under section 5; G Explanation : In this clause the word "landlord" shall not include an agent referred to in clause (d) of section 2. " H Therefo re, while taking advantage of t he enabling provision enacted in s. l l (1) (c), the person claiming possession on the ground of 378 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1981) 3 S. C. R. A his reasonable requirement of the the leased building must show that he is a landlord in the sense that he is owner of the building and has a right to occupy the same in his own right. A mere rent collector, though may be included in the expression landlord in its wide amplitude cannot be treated . as a landlord for the purposes of s. I I(I) (c).

This becomes manifestly clear from the explanation appended 8 to the sub-section. By restricting the meaning of expression landlord for the purpose of section I l(l)(c), the legislature manifested its intention namely that that landlord alone can seek eviction on the ground of his personal requirement if he is one who has a right against the whole world to occupy the building himself a~:td exclude any one holding a title lesser than his own. Such landlord c who is an owner and who would have a right to occupy the building in his own right, can seek possession for his own use. The latter part of lhe section envisages a situation where the landlord is holding the buildings for the benefit of some other person but in that case landlord can seek to evict tenant not for his personal use but for the personal requirement of that person for whosz benefit he holds the D building.

The second Clause contemplates a situation of trustees and cesti que trust but when the case is governed by the first part of subclause (c) of sub-section (I) of s. ll, the person claiming possession for personal requirement must be such a landlord who wants possession for his own occupation and this would imply that he must be a person who has a right to remain in occupation against the E whole world and not someo:~e who has no subsisting interest in the property and is merely a rent •collector such as an agent, executor, administrator or a receiver of the prop! rty. For the purposes of s. ll{l)(c) the expression landlord could, therefore, mean a person who is the owner of the buildi ng ~and w:10 has a right lv remain in occupation and actual possession of the building to the exclusion F of everyone else. Tt is such a person who cat\ seek to evict the tenant on the gwund that he requires possession in good faith for his own occupation.

A rent collector or an agent is not entitled to occupy the house in . his own right. Even if such a person be a lessor and, therefore. a landlord within the expanded inclusive delinilion of the expression landlord, nonetheless he cannot seek to G evict the tenant on the ground that he wants to personally occupy the house. He cannot claim such a right against the real owner and as a necessary corollary he cannot seelc to evict the tenant on the ground that he wants possession of the premises for his own oc. cupation. That can be the only reasonable interpertation one can put H on the ingredients of sub-clause (c) of s. II(I) which reads: "Where building is reasonably and in good faith required by the landlord M. M. QUASJM v. M. L. SHARMA (Desai, J. ) 379 A for his own occupation...... ''.

Assuming thai the expression 'landlord' has to be understood with the same connotation as is spelt out by the definition cla use, even a rent collector or a receiver y of the property appointed by the Court in bankruptcy proceedings wou ld be able to evict the tenant alleging that wants the building for his own occupation, a right which he could not have claimed against B the real owner. Therefore, the explanation to clause (d) which cuts down the wide amplitude of the expression 'landlord' would unmistakably show t hat for the purposes of clause (c) such landlord who in the sense in which the word 'owner' is understood can claim as of right to the exclusion of everyone, to occupy the house, would . be entitled to evict the tenant for his own occupation. c The next step to b.!

taken is whether where a person claiming to be such a landlord has s0ug'tt to evict the tenant for his own occupation of the building but lost his interest in entirely in the building during the pendency of the appeal whicb is a continuation of the suit. Would he still be entitled to maintain or continue the -o action after the cessation or extingujshment of his interest in the building? To examine this contention on merits one feature of the proceedings under the Rent Act may be taken into consideration. To what extent and in what circumstances the court can take notice of ev~nts subsequent to the institution of the action is the core problem. This is no more res integra and need not be examined in E depth. In Pasupuleti Venkataesw:~rlus' case this Court examined this question in relation to a proceeding under the Andhra Pradesh Buildings (Lease, Rent & Eviction) Control Act, 1960. The landlord in that case sought to . evict the tenant as he wanted to start .

his own bussiness in the demised premises. In other words, action was for eviction for personal requirement. In the zig-zag course vf proceed- F ings it transpired that subsequent to rhe commencement of the action the landlord had come into possession of another shop wltich would meet with his requirement and on this subsequent event tenant requested the court to non-suit the plaintiff. At that stage the proceedings were pendings before the High Court in a revision petition at the instance of the landlord questioning a remand to the trial court by G the first appellate court for investigation of certain facts. 111 this revision at t he instance of the landlord the High Court took notice of the subsequent event that tbe landlord's requircmenr had been fully satisfied as he had come in possession of another shop.

ln appeal by the landlord to this Court, a serious exception was taken H that the High Court could not have taken into consideration an event subsequent to the commencement of the proceedings and non- 380 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1981} 3 S. C. R. A suit the landlord an ~ that too at a stage when the proceedings were pending in revision at the instance of the landlord. Negativing this contention and dismissing the appeal this Court, after referring to the decision in L'lchmeshwar PrMad Shukuf v. KPshwar La/ Chaudhrj(l) quoted with approval the following passage from 8 Paflerson v. State of Afohama(') : "We have frequentl y held that in the exercise of our appellate jurisdiction we have power not only to correct error in the judgment ltnder review but to make such disposition of the case as justice requires. And in determining c what justice does require, the Court is bound to consider any change, either in fact o r in law, which has supervened since the judgment was entered.

'' In the leading judgment in L1chmeshwar Prurud S/wkuf's case Varadachariar, J. observed that an appeal being in the nature of a 0 re-hearing the Courts in fndia have in numerous cases recognised that in moulding the relief to be granteJ in a case on appeal, the Court of appeal is entitled ro take into account even facts which have come into existence after the decree appealed against was made. Krishna lyer, J. summed up the position iu Pasupuferi VenkatPSII'urfu's case : E "It is basic to our processual jurisprudence that the right to relief must be judged to exist as on the date a suitor -~ institutes the legal proceeding Equally clear is the principle tha t procedure is the handmaid and not the mistress of the judicial process. If a fact, arising C for additional evidence inviting the Court's attention to a subsequent event of vital importance cutting at the root o~ the plaiatiff's right to continue the action.

Coupled with it, there was evidence in the form of a certified copy of c the decree showing that the plaintiffs, even if they had some shade of title to commence action, they having lost all interest in the property and the property having become one of exclusive ownership of a person not a party to the proceedings, were no more entitled to contmue the proceedings for their own benefit. Have the first appellate court a:1d the High Court acted in 0 accord~nce with law in ignoring this subsequent event of vital importance? The tlrst appellate court, as pointed out earlier, proceeded to examine the contention on merits and rejected it on the ground that this b~hg an event subseq•tent to the passi lg of the decree by the tr ial court, no notice could be taken of it, a view contrary to the Jaw laid down by this Court.

Same is true E of tl:e High Court when it said that even if the landlord who ~ommenced action lost all interest in the property subsequent to the passing of the decree, the decree does not become a nullity and at any rate no note of the subsequent events can be taken in the absence of a proper application under order 41, rule 27, C P. C. F But the next observation of the High Court that where the plaintiff landlord's interest in the property is extinguished subsequent to the decree by the trial coort, be does not lose his right to maintain and continue the action, is opposed to tl1e very scheme of the Rent Act and the provisions contained in ss. I I (l)(c) and 12. Both the courts . were, therefore, clearly in error in ignoring this vital piece of y G evidence which goes to the root of the matter and w. :>uld surely nonwit the plaintiffs.

Once this subsequent event of landlord's interest in the property getting extinguished as the property in question is allotted as an exclusive owner to a sharer upon a partition amongst co-sharers, H is properly evaluated, unless some proper explanation is offered by the landlords who are parties to the proceedings, the plaintiffs are I 382 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1981) 3 S. C. R. A liable to be non-suited. This does not require muc:1 of a discussion because plaintiffs sought possession for personaJ requirement of respondent I Manohar l al Sharma. Monohar Lal Sharma wanLed to start his clinic, as he is a qualified medical practitioner, in the suit premises. Manohar Lal Sharma is neither an owner nor a co-owner nor he has any interest in the suit property since the date of parti· B lion effected by compromise between the co-sharers in Suit No. 4/75.

Ifaction were to start today a or day after the decree for partition, could Manobar Lal Sharma ever file a suit for evicting the present appellant from the suit shop on the grounri that he wanted to start his c1inic in the suit shop ? lf Manobarlal Sharma can bring such an actjon he can as well evcit any tenant from any premises with which C he has no connection. Even if at the commencement of the action - Manoharlal Sharma was a co-owner alongwirh his brother and uncle and, therefore, he had a semblance of title to commence action for eviction, vnce the co-owner parted company, panitioned property by metes and bounds and the suit property came to be allotled to Pyarelal as an exclusive owner. Manoharlal Sharma D cannot claim eviction of the tenant from such property in whicb he has no subsisting interest.

And even tf this event occurred subsequent to the passing of the decree by the trial court, this subsequent event should ha"e been noticed at the appellate stage because the appeal is nothing else but a continuation of the suit and in a proceeding under the Rent Act the relief E has to be moulded according to ·the situation on the date of the decree; the decree would mean the decree which is final and not correctible by any judicial ; proceeding. Manoharlal Sharma, therefore, cannot seck to evict the tenant for his personal requirement. Therefore, the suit for evicttOn under s. ll (I )(c) would ordinarily fail on this ground. However, as the the fresh F evidence is being take11 into cunsideration and a<; both the appellate courts and the High Courl have erred in approaching the matter by ignoring the subsequent event, it would be presently pointcu out that in order to do justice between the parties the matter will have to be remanded to the first appellate court.

G Before turning to rhe nexr topic, a word about the judicial approach to the question of personal requirement of the landlord under tt-e Rent Act would not be our of place. The learned judge of the first appellate courr while upholding the claun of personal requirement of respondent I bas observed as under. H "It is ror the plaintiffs to decide whatever they think fir ard prorer. Tt is not for the defendant to suggest as M. M. QUASIM V. M . L. SHARMA (Desai, J. ) 383 to what they should do. The defendant has led A evidence to show that the plaintiffs have got some more houses at Girdih ...... The defendant appellant has also filed certified copy of judgment of one suit No. 47[73 which is Ext. D only to show that plaintiffs have got a decree for eviction with respect to the other house at Giridih. I have already pointed out earlier B that it is for the plaintiffs to decide which of the houses is suitable for them.

It is not for the defendant to suggest that the house which will fall vacant in the near future is most suitable house for the plaintiffs". This approach betrays a woeful lack of consciousness relatable to c circumstances leading to enactment of Rent Acts in almost all States in the country. The time honoured notion that the right of re-entry is unfettered and that the mvner landlord is the sole judge of his requirement has been made to yield to the needs of the society which had to enact the Rent Acts specifically devised to curb and fetter the unrestricted right of re-entry and to provide that only D on proving some enabling grounds set out in the Rent Act the landlord can re-enter. One such ground is of personal requirement of landlord. When examining a case of personal requirement, if it is pointed out that there is some vacant premises with the landlord which he can conveniently occupy, the element of need in his requirement would be absent.

To reject this aspect by saying that the E landlord has an unfettered right to choose the premises is to negative the very raison de'elre of the Rent Act. Undo·ubtedly, if it is shown by the tenant that the landlord has some other vacant premises in his possession, that by itself may not be sufficient to negative the landlord's claim but in such a s·ituation the Court would expect the landlord to establish that the premises which is vacant is not suita- F ble for the purpose of his occupation or for the purpose for which he requires the premises in respect of which the action ·is commenced in the Court. Tt would, however, be a bald statement unsupported by the Rent Act to say that the landlord has an unfettered right to choose whatever premises he wants and that too irrespective of G ... ,.. the fact that he has some vacant premises in possession which he would not occupy and try to seek to remove the tenant. This approach would .

put a premium on the landlord's greed to throw out tenants paying lower rent in the name of personal occupation and rent out the premises in his possession at the market rate. To curb this very tendetJcy the Rent Act was enacted and. therefore, 'it H becomes the duty of the Court administering the Rent Act to bear in . mind the object a nd intendment of the legislature in enacting the 384 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1981) 3 S. C. R A same. The Court must understand and appreciate the relationship between legal rules and one of necessities of life- shelter-and the way in which one part of the snciety exacts tribute from another for permission-to inhabit a portion of the globe. Tn 'The Sociology of Law', edited by Pat Carlen.

the author examhes the rent and rent legislation in England and Wales and observes as under : B "The prevailing parad igms of nco-cla~sical economics and empiricist political theory ha~c determined the conceptual insularity of law and legal institutions, with the result that they and other social events appear as random existences independent of thtir historical formation. c The force of any theory of law must of course lie in its ---· explanatory power, and this in turn dcpc1ds on the wider image of social relations which produces it''. It was, however, contended on behalf of the respondents that even if in view of the subsequent event the plaintiffs landlords were not entitled to reco,·er possession on tile ground set out in s. II (I)(c) D yet the respondents would still be entitled to evict the appellant on the ground mentioned in s. 11(I) (d) inasmuc'l as all the courts have concurrently found that the appellant was ia default of payment of rcnr for a period of three months, i. e.

September, October and November, 1972, and tha~ this finding was not even questioned before the H igh Court as mentioned in paragraph 3 of E the judgment of the High Court. The appellant has set out ground No. V in his petition for special leave in the following terms : " Because the High Court erred in holding that the findi11gs regarding default in payment of rent and of personal necessity were not challenged before the lligh Court"'. Undoubtedly, what the High Court srates 111 its judgme:1t on the question whether a particular finding was challenged o r not challenged is entitled to highec;t respect at our hands and must ordinarily be always accepted.

We have lingering hesitation in the facts of this case for two specific reasons : (I) that there are some G recitals in the judgment of the High Court spectlicallv referred to herein before which show that cerrain aspects have been disposed of cursorily, lacking precision; and (ii) that a tenant who examined as many as eight witnr sses including himself to prove that the rent was paid and who specifically pleaded that fact in reply to the notice H served by the landlords and who meticulously fought his case by making an application for additional evidence nt the appellate M. M. QUASJM II. M. L. SHARMA (Desai, J . ) 385 stage would not give up the contention and if he had in fact given A it up there was no justification for still taktng the matter to tbe highest court.

Even then we would have overlooked the contention to the contrary and accepted what has been stated in the judgment but for the fact that subsequMt event stated hereinabove may have a direct impact on the title of the landlords-re~pondents to evict the B appellant on the ground of non-payment of rent. If on examining and evaluatin g the contents of the certified copy of the decree in partHion suit No.

4/74 it is established conclusively that the property has been exclusively allotted to Pyarelal who has not applied to be joined as party to these proceedings though he has filed some affidavit in this appeal before this Court c and if no reservation is made in the decree for continuation of the } proceedings for recovering possession on the ground of non-payment of rent in favour of the present respondents nor have the present respondents undertaken any liability to continue the proceedings on behalf of Pyarelal Shanna for the limited purpose of recovery of rent, in our opinion it would be extremely doubtful if the respondents D can still maintain the action for recovering rent and for possession on the grounds mentioned in s. II (l)(c) & (d). That aspect has not a t all been examined either by the first appellate Court or by the High Court.

lf 'A', a landlord commences action for eviction against his tenant on the only ground of nonpayment ofrent and during the pendency of the proceedings transfers the property lock E stock and barrel to a third person and if the third person is not before the Court, without finally expressing any opinion because the remand is contemplated, it is just unthinkable that such a landlord can continue the suit even after be bad no interest in the property. The aspect may have to be examined in the background of the contract between the landlord who commenced the action and his F transfcr'! e, or the transferee having r~served some right came to the Court for being impleaded as a party to continue the action and his, right to continue, may be examined. These aspects arc not examined by any Court though decision on them goes to the root of the matter. Therefore, a remand is inevitable in the circumstances of this case.

G Accordingly, we allow this appeal and set aside the decree of the High Court and the first appellate Court and remand tbe case to the first appellate Court which, after granting the application under order 41, r. 27 and taking the certified copy of the decree in partition suit No. 4/74 on record and after giving an opportunity H to the parties before it to lead any addilional evidence pursuanl to this additonal evidence, would decide che following two questions: 386 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1981) 3 S. C. R. A (J) Does the partiton decree transfer the suit shop to Pyarelal Sharma exclusively ? (2) If yes, can the respondents (plaintiffs) maintain action and are entitled to evict the appellant (defendant) on the ground of personal requirement of Manohar Lal Sharma B (respondent 1) and/or on the ground of default as contemplated by s. lJ(I)(d) of the Rent Act ? On the evidence on these issues the Court may mould the final relief copsistent with its findings.

With this direction the appeal is remanded to the first . ~ c appellate Court. In the circumstances of the case there will be no ( order as to costs. -\. N. V. K. Appeal allowed.