RITESH SINHA v. THE STATE OF UTIAR PRADESH & ANR

Citation: [2012] 11 S.C.R. 683

Court: Supreme Court of India

Bench: AFTAB ALAM, RANJANA PRAKASH DESAI

Case summary

RITESH SINHA v. THE STATE OF UTIAR PRADESH & ANR.pdf

Judgment text

[2012] 11 S. C. R. 683 RITESH SINHA v. THE STATE OF UTIAR PRADESH & ANR. (Criminal Appeal No. 2003 of 2012} DECEMBER 7, 2012. [AFTAB ALAM AND RANJANA PRAKASH DESAI, JJ. ] Investigation: Identification of accused - Voice sample - Power of Magistrate to issue summons to accused to appear before Investigating Officer and give his voice sample - Held: Taking voice sample of an accused by the police during investigation is not hit by Art. 20(3) of the Constitution - However, there is no specific provision either in the Code of Criminal Procedure 0 or in any other Jaw under which a Magistrate can authorize the investigating agency to record voice sample of a person accused of an offence - There being difference of opinion as regards the interpretation of the provisions of s. 53 CrPC and s.

5 of the Prisoners Act so as to trace the power of the Magistrate to authorise obtaining of voice sample of the accused, the matter referred to a bench of three Judges - Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 - ss. 2(h), 53, Explanation (a), and s. 54A - Identification of Prisoners Act, 1920 - s. 5 - Constitution of India, 1950 - Art. 20(3). The instant appeal was filed by the appellant challenging the order of the High Court whereby it rejected the petition filed by the appellant u/s 482 Cr. P. C. seeking to quash the order of the Chief Judicial Magistrate issuing summons to the appellant to appear before the investigating officer and give his voice sample in the course of investigation into an FIR alleging collection of money from people for getting them recruited in the police department.

The questions for consideration before the Court were: (i) "Whether Article 20(3) of the Constitution of India, which protects a person accused of an offence from being compelled to be a witness against himself, extends to protecting such an accused from being compelled to give his voice sample during the course of investigation into an offence? " and (ii) "Assuming that there is no violation of Article 20(3) of the Constitution of India, whether in the absence of any provision in the Code, can a Magistrate authorize the investigating agency to record the voice sample of the person accused of an offence? " Referring the matter to a bench of three Judges, the Court HELD: (Per Ranjana Prakash Desai, J. ) 1. If an accused person is directed to give his voice sample during the course of investigation of an offence, there is no violation of his right under Art. 20(3) of the Constitution.

When an accused is asked to give voice sample, he is not giving any testimony of the nature of a personal testimony. It cannot be said, by any stretch of imagination that by giving voice sample, the accused conveyed any information based upon his personal knowledge and became a witness against himself. The accused by giving the voice sample merely gives 'identification data' to the investigating agency. He is not subjected to any testimonial compulsion. Thus, taking voice sample of an accused by the police during investigation is not hit by Art. 20(3). [Para 18) [710-F-G; 711-B-D] State of Bombay v. Kathi Kalu Oghad & Ors. , (1962) 3 SCR 10 - relied on. Se/vi and others v. State of Kamataka 2010 (5) SCR 381 =(2010) 7 SCC 263; and M. P. Sharma v. Salish Chandra & ANR. Ors. 1954 SCR 1077; Shyamla/ Mohan/al v. State of Gujarat 1965 2 SCR 457; V. S. Kuttan Pillai v. Ramakrishnan & Anr. 1980 (1) SCR 673 =(1980) 1 SCC 264 - referred to. 2.

1 There is no specific provision either in the Code or in any other law under which a Magistrate can 8 authorize the investigating agency to record voice sample of a person accused of an offence. The Law Commission, in its 87th Report, suggested that the Prisoners Act should be amended inter a/ia to include voice sample within the ambit of s. 5 thereof. Parliament however has not amended the Prisoners Act nor is the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 amended to add any such provision therein. Resultantly, there is no specific legal provision under which such a direction can be given. [Para 19] [711-E-G] 2. 2 However, a careful study of the relevant provisions of the Code and other relevant statutes discloses a scheme which aims at strengthening the hands of the investigator. Sections 53, 54A and 311A of the Code, s. 73 of the Evidence Act and the Prisoners Act reflect Parliament's efforts in that behalf. [Para 20) [711- G-H; 712-A] 2.

3 Tape recorded conversation is a relevant fact and is admissible u/s 7 of the Evidence Act. In view of this legal position, to make the tape recorded conversation admissible in evidence, there must be provision under which the police can get it identified. For that purpose, the police must get the voice sample of the accused. The purpt>se of taking voice sample which is non-testimonial physical evidence is to compare it with tape recorded conversation. It is a physical characteristic of the accused. It is identificatory evidence. [Para 28] [716-D-E- F] Central Bureau of Investigation, New Delhi v. Abdul Karim Ladsab Telgi and others 2005 Crl. L. J. 2868 approved. Rakesh Bisht v. C. 8. 1. 2007 (1) JCC 482 and MANU/DE/ 0338/2007 - disapproved. Amrit Singh v. State of Punjab 2006(8) Suppl. SCR 889 = (2006) 12 sec 79 - distinguished. R. M. Malkani v. State of Maharashtra 1973 (2) SCR 417= (1973) 1 SCC 471 - referred to. 2.

4 Collection of voice sample of an accused is a step in investigation. It is the duty of a Police Officer or any person (other than a Magistrate) authorized by a Magistrate to collect evidence, and proceedings under the Code for the collection of evidence are included in 'Investigation'. The investigating officer cannot take physical evidence from an accused unless he is authorized by a Magistrate to do so. He cannot assume powers which he does not possess. He can only act on the strength of a direction given to him by a Magistrate and the Magistrate must have power to issue such a direction. Though, the subordinate criminal courts do not have inherent powers, they can exercise such incidental powers as are necessary to ensure proper investigation. [Para 22] [712-H; 713-A, F-H; 714-B] Bindeshwari Prasad Singh v. Kali Singh 1977 (1) SCR 125 = (1977) 1 SCC 57; Ada/at Prasad v. Roop/a/ Jindal (2004) 7 SCC 338 and Sakiri Vasu v.

State of Uttar Pradesh 2007 (12) SCR 1100 = (2008) 2 SCC 409; and State of West Bengal v. Swapan Guha 1982 (3) SCR 121 = (1982) 1 SCC 561 - referred to. 2. 5 Prisoners Act is aimed at securing identification of the accused. It is an Act to authorize the taking of measurements and photographs of convicts and others. Section 5 provides for power of a Magistrate to order a RITESH SINHA v. STATE OF UTTAR PRADESH & 687 ANR.. person to be measured or photographed. Voice prints are A like finger prints. Each p11rson has a distinctive voice with characteristic featurek. It is clear that voiceprint identification of voice involves measurement of frequency and intensity of sound waves. Therefore, measuring frequency or intensity of the speech-sound s waves falls within the ambit of inclusive definition of the term 'measurement' appearing in the Prisoners Act. Voice sample can be included in the inclusive definition of the term "measurements" appearing in s.

2(a) of the Prisoners Act, which states that measurements include c finger impressions and foot impressions. If voice prints are like finger prints, they would be covered by the term 'measurements'. Therefore, a Magistrate acting uls 5 of the Prisoners Act can give a direction to any person to give his voice sample for the purposes of any 0 investigation or proceeding under the Code. [Para 23, 30- 31] [714-F, G; 718-C-D; 719-F-H, 720-A] "Scientific Evidence in Criminal Cases" by Andre A. Moenssens, Ray Edward Moses and Fred E. lnbau, Chapter 12; "Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice - an introduction" by Bennett-Sandler, Frazier, Torres, Waldron; and Law Commission of India, 87th Report and "Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice - an introduction" - referred to. State of U. P. v. Ram Babu Misra (1980) 2 SCC 242 referred to. 2. 6 Section 53 of the Code pertains to examination of the accused by medical practitioner at the request of a police officer. Explanation (a) to s.

53 states what is 'examination'. It is an inclusive definition. It states that the G examination shall include the examination of blood, blood stains, semen, swabs in case of sexual offences, sputum and sweat, hair samples and finger nail clippings by the use of modern and scientific techniques including DNA profiling and such other tests which the registered medical practitioner thinks necessary in a particular case. This explanation was substituted by the Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 2005. It cannot be said that the term "such other tests" mentioned in Explanation (a) is controlled by the words "which the registered medical practitioner thinks necessary". Under s. 53(1) the registered medical practitioner can act only at the request of a police officer. Obviously, he can have no say in the process of investigation. The decision to get the accused examined is to be taken by the investigating officer and not by the medical practitioner.

It is the expertise of the medical practitioner which the investigator uses to decide the method of the test. [Para 36-37] [723-E-H; 724-B-D] 2. 7 Voice sample is physical non-testimonial evidence. It does not communicate to the investigator any information based on personal knowledge of the accused which can incriminate him. Voice sample cannot be held to be conceptually different from physical nontestimonial evidence like blood, semen, sputum, hair etc. Taking of voice sample does not involve any testimonial responses. [Para 41] [725-H; 726-A-B] 2. 8 The tenor of the judgment in Se/vi makes it clear that tests pertaining to physical non-testimonial evidence can be included in the purview of the words "and such other tests" with the aid of the doctrine of 'ejusdem generis'. The tests mentioned in Explanation (a) are of bodily substances, which are examples of physical evidence.

Even if voice sample is not treated as a bodily substance, it is still physical evidence involving no transmission of personal knowledge. There is no difficulty in including voice sample test in the phrase "such other tests" appearing in Explanation (a) to s. 53 by applying the doctrine of 'ejusdem generis' as it is a test pertaining to physical non-testimonial evidence like blood, sputum etc. Such interpretation of Se/vi would be in tune with the general scheme of the Code which RITESH SINHA v. STATE OF UTTAR PRADESH & 689 ANR. contain_s provisions for collection of evidence for comparison or identification at the investigation stage in order to strengthen the hands of the investigating agency. [Para 41] [726-E-H; 727-A] 2. 9 Section 53 talks of examination by registered 8 medical practitioner of the person of the accused but, does not use the words "medical examination". Similarly, Explanation (a) to s. 53 does not use the words "medical examination".

Section 53 need not be confined to medical examination. It must be remembered that s. 53 is primarily meant to serve as aid in the investigation. Examination of the accused is to be conducted by a medical practitioner at the instance of the police officer, who is in charge of the investigation. On a fair reading of s. 53 of the Code, under that Section, the medical practitioner can conduct the examination or suggest the mt:thod of examination. [Para 42] [727-B-C-F-G] 2. 10 By adding the words 'and such other t. ests' in the definition of term contained in Explanation (a) to s. 53 of the Code, the legislature took care of including within the scope of the term 'examination' similar tests which may become necessary in the facts of a particular case. Legislature exercised necessary caution and made the said definition inclusive, not exhaustive and capable of expanding to legally permissible limits with the aid of the doctrine of 'ejusdem generis'. [Para 43] [728-A-C] 2.

11 Section 54A of the Code makes provision for identification of arrested persons. It states that where a person is arrested on a charge of committing an offence and his identification by any other person or persons is considered necessary for the purpose of investigation of such offence, the court having jurisdiction, may on the request of the officer in charge of a police station, direct the person so arrested to subject himself to identification by any person or persons in such manner as the court may deem fit. Identification of the voice is precondition for admission of tape recorded conversation in evidence. Since s. 54A of the Code uses the words "the Court, ... may ... direct the person so arrested to subject himself to identification by any person or persons in such manner as the court may deem fit", voice sample can be identified by means of voice identification parade u/s 54A or by some other person familiar with the voice. [Para 44] [728-D-F] R. M. Malkani v.

State of Maharashtra 1973 (2) SCR 417 =(1973) 1 SCC 471; Nilesh Paradkar v. State of Maharashtra 2011 (3) SCR 792 =(2011) 4 sec 143 and Mohan Singh v. State of Bihar 2011 (12) SCR 327 =(2011) 9 SCC 272 referred to. Levack, Hamilton Caesar & Ors. v. Regional Magistrate, Wynberg & Anr. [2003] 1 All SA 22 (SCA) (28th November 2002) - referred to 2. 12 The Magistrate's power to authorize the investigating agency to record voice sample of the person accused of an offence can be traced to s. 5 of the Prisoners Act and s. 53 of the Code. The Magistrate has an ancillary or implied power uls 53 of the Code to pass an order permitting taking of voice sample to aid investigation. [Para 47] [732-F-G] 2. 13 The principle that a penal statute should be strictly construed is not of universal application. Therefore, whether the penal statute should be given strict interpretation or not will depend on facts of each case. Considerations of public health, preservation of.

nation's wealth, public safety may weigh with the court in a given case and persuade it not to give a narroWconstruction to a penal statute. In the facts of the instant case, a narrow construction to the provisions of the Prisoners Act and s. 53 of the Code need not be given. RITESH SINHA v. STATE OF UTTAR PRADESH & 691 ANR. Judicial note can be taken of the fact that there is a great deal of technological advance in means of communication and use thereof in the commission of crimes. Therefore, in order to strengthen the hands of investigating agencies, purposive interpretation need be given to the provisions of the Prisoners Act and s. 53 of 8 the Code instead of giving a narrow interpretation to them. However, Parliament needs to bring in more clarity and precision by amending the Prisoners Act. The Code also needs to be suitably amended.

Technological and scientific advance in the investigative process could be more effectively used if required amendments are introduced by Parliament. This is necessary to strike a balance between the need to preserve the right against self incrimination guaranteed under Art. 20(3) of the Constitution and the need to strengthen the hands of the investigating agency to bring criminals to book. [Para 48] [733-B-E-G; 734-A-D] Murlidhar Meghraj Loya v. State of Maharashtra 1977 (1) SCR 1 =AIR 1976 SC 1929; Kisan Trimbak Kothula & Ors. v. State of Maharashtra 1977 (2) SCR 102 =AIR 1977 SC 435 and State of Maharashtra v. Natwarlal Damodardas Soni 1980 (2) SCR 340 =AIR 1980 SC 593 - referred to. 2. 14 Thus, there is no infirmity in the impugned order passed by the High Court confirming the order passed by Chief Judicial Magistrate, summoning the appellant to the court for, recording the sample of his voice. [Para 49] [734-E] S. N. Sharma v.

Bipen Kumar Tiwari 1970 (3) SCR 946 = (1970) 1 SCC 653; Ba/raj Bhalla v. Sri Ramesh Chandra Nigam AIR 1960 All 157; Regional Provident Fund Commissioner v. Hooghly Mills Co. Ltd. And others (2012) 2 SCC 489; H. N. Rishbud & Anr. V. State of Delhi 1955 SCR 1150 =AIR 1955 SC 196; Mahipal Maderna & Anr. V. State of Rajasthan 1971 Cr. L. J. 1405; Jamshed v. State of U. P. 1976 Cri. L. J. 1680; State of U. P. v. Boota Singh 1979 (1) SCR 298 =(1979) 1 sec 31- cited Bennion on Statutory Interpretation 5th Edition at P. 516- cited Per Aftab Alam, J. (Dissenting, but partly concurring): 1. Broadly speaking, taking voice sample of an accused by the police during investigation is not hit by Article 20(3) of the Constitution. [para 5] [736-D] State of Bombay v. Kathi Ka/u Oghad & Others (1962) 3 SCR 10; Se/vi and others v. State of Karnataka 2010 (5) · SCR 381 =(2010) 7 SCC 263 - referred to. 2.

1 On the question of compelling the accused to give voice sample, the law must come from the legislature and not through the court process. First, because the compulsion to give voice sample does in some way involve an invasion of the rights of the individual and to bring it within the ambit of the existing law would require more than reasonable bending and stretching of the principles of interpretation. Secondly, the legislature even while making amendments in the Code of Criminal Procedure 2005, aimed at strengthening the investigation, despite express reminders chose not to include voice sample either in the newly introduced explanation to s. 53 or in ss. 53A, and 311A. [para 2] [735-D-F] 2.

2 There is no provision in the Code of Criminal Procedure to compel the accused to give his voice sample and, therefore, a Magistrate cannot authorize the investigating agency to record the voice sample of the person accused of an offence, regardless of the constitutional guarantee against self-incrimination and assuming that in case a provision in that regard is made in the law that would not offend Art. 20 (3) of the Constitution. [para 4 and 7] [736-C-F-G; 737-A] RITESH SINHA ii. STATE OF UTIAR PRADESH & 693 ANR. 2. 3 Explanation (a) to s. 53 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 cannot be said to include voice sample and the ratio of the decision in Se/vi does not enlarge but restricts the ambit of the expressions 'such other tests' occurring in the Explanation. The Explanation in question deals with material and tangible things related to the ' human body and not to something disembodied as voice. [para 16-17) [740-B-C] 2.

4 Section 53, CrPC applies to a situation where the examination of the person of the accused is likely to provide evidence as to the commission of an offence. Whether or not the examination of the person of the accused would afford evidence as to the commission of the offence undoubtedly rests on the satisfaction of the police officer not below the rank of sub-inspector. But, once the police officer makes a request to the registered medical practitioner for the examination of the person of the accused, what other tests (apart from those expressly enumerated) might be necessary in a particular case can only be decided by the medical practitioner and not the police officer referring the accused to him. Therefore, any tests other than those expressly mentioned in the Explanation can only be those which the registered medical practitioner would think necessary in a particular case. And further that in any event a registered medical practitioner cannot take a voice sample.

[para 18) [740- D-G] 2. 5 The principal object of the Identification of Prisoners ~ct, 1920 is to sanction certain coercive measures (which would otherwise invite criminal or tortuous liability) in order to facilitate the identification of (i) convicts, (ii) persons arrested in connection with certain offences, and (iii) persons ordered to give security in certain cases. It is to be noted that the expression "measurements" occurs not only in s. 5 of the 1920 Act but also in ss. 3 and 4 thereof. Thus, if the term "measurements" is to be read to include voice sample then on arresting a person in a case relating to an offence punishable with rigorous imprisonment for a term of one year or upwards (and voice sample would normally be required only in cases in which the punishment is one year or upward) it would be open to the police officer (of any rank) to require the arrested person to give his/her voice sample on his own and without seeking any direction from the Magistrate u/s 5.

Further, applying the same parameters, not only voice sample but many other medical tests, for instance, blood tests such as lipid profile, kidney function test, liver function test, thyroid function test etc. , brain scanning etc. would equally qualify as "measurements" within,the meaning of the Identification of Prisoners Act. Thus, on arresting a person in a case relating to an offence punishable with 0 rigorous imprisonment for a term of one year or upwards it would be possible for the police officer (of any rank) to obtain not only the voice sample but the full medical profile of the arrested person without seeking any direction from the magistrate u/s 5 of the Identification of Prisoners Act or taking recourse to the provisions of s. 53 or 53A of the Code of Criminal Procedure. It would be impossible to extend the provisions of the Identification of Prisoners Act to that extent. [para 21,30-31) [741-F-G; 745-F-H; 746-A-C] 2.

6 In exercise of the rule-making powers u/s 8 of the 1920 Act, some of the State Governments have framed rules. From a perusal of the rules so framed, it would appear that all the State Governments· understood "measurements" to mean the physical measurements of the body or parts of the body. The framing of the rules by the State Government would not be binding on this Court in interpreting a provision in the rules. But it needs to be borne in mind that unless the provision are incorporated in the Act in regard to the manner of taking voice sample and the person competent to take voice ANR. sample etc. there may be difficulty in carrying out the direction of the court. [para 32] [746-D-F] Central Bureau of Investigation, New Delhi v. Abdul Karim Ladsab Telgi and others 2005 Crl. L. J. 2868 disapproved. State of Uttar Pradesh v. Ram Babu Misra 1980 (2) SCR 1067 =(1980) 2 SCC 343 - referred to. Rakesh Bisht v. Central Bureau of Investigation 2007 Cri. L. J.

1530 =MANU/DEI0338/2007 - approved. Law Commission of India, 87th Report - referred to. 2. 7 It is pertinent to note that the Law Commission of India in its 87th Report submitted in 1980 had recommended appropriate amendments in relevant provisions to include voice identification. However, the Code of Criminal Procedure was amended in 2005 when the Explanation was added to s. 53, and ss. 53A and 311A were inserted into the Code. Voice sample was not included either in the Explanation to s. 53 or s. 311A. [Para 37, 41] [749-A-B; 751-C] 2. 8 Therefore, the court should not insist that voice sample is included in the definition of "measurements" under the Identification of Prisoners Act and in the Explanation to s. 53 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. [Para 42] [751-D-E] 3. In view of the difference of opinion, the case be· listed for hearing before a bench of three Judges. [para 45] [751-G] Case Law Reference: Per (Smt. ) Ranjana Prakash Desai, J.

(2004) 1 sec 338 referred to Para 5 1982 (3) SCR 121 referred to para 5 2010 (5) SCR 381 referred to para 5 1970 (3) SCR 946 cited para 5 (1980) 2 sec 242 referred to Para 5 AIR 1960 All 157 cited para 5 (2012) 2 sec 489 cited para 5 (1962) 3 SCR 10 relied on Para 6 1954 SCR 1077 relied on Para 10 2007 (12) SCR 1100 referred to Para 5 2007 (1) JCC 482 = MANU/DE/0338/2007 disapproved Para 6 2005 Crl. L. J. 2868 approved para 6 1955 SCR 1150 cited para 7 1971 Cr. L. J. 1405 cited para 7 1976 Cri. L. J. 1680 cited para 7 1g. 79 (1) SCR 298 cited para 7 1965 2 SCR 457 referred to para 16 1980 (1) SCR 673 referred to para 16 1977 (1) SCR 125 referred to Para 22 2006(8) Suppl. SCR 889 distinguished Para 24 2011 (3) SCR 792 referred to Para 45 2011 (12) SCR 327 referred to Para 45 [2003] 1 All SA 22 (SCA) referred to para 46 ANR. 1977(1) SCR 1 referred to Para 48 1977 (2) SCR 102 referred to Para 48 1980 (2) SCR 340 referred to Para 48 Per Aftab Alam, J.

[1962] 3 SCR 10 referred to para 5 2010 (5) SCR 381 referred to para 5 2005 Crl. L. J. 2868 disapproved para 33 2007 Cri. L. J. 1530= MANU/DE/0338/2007 approved Para 33 1980 (2) SCR 1067 referred to Para 36 CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 2003 of 2012. From the Judgment and Order dated 09. 07. 2010 of the High Court of Judicature at Allahabad in Criminal Appeal No. 3272 of 2010. Aman Ahluwalia (AC), Siddhartha Dave, Jemliben Ao, Vibha Datta Makhija, R. K. Dash, Atif Suhrawardy, Abhisth Kumar (for Kamlendra Mishra) for the Appearing Parties. The Judgments of the Court was delivered by (SMT. ) RANJANA PRAKASH DESAI, J. 1. Leave granted. 2. On 7/12/2009, one Prashant Kapil, In-charge, Electronics Cell, P. S. Sadar Bazar, District Saharanpur lodged a First Information Report alleging that one Dhoom Singh in connivance with the appellant was collecting money from people on the pretext that he would get them recruited in the police department.

After his arrest, one mobile phone was seized from Dhoom Singh. As the police wanted to verify whether the recorded conversation, which is in their possession, is between accused Dhoom Singh and the appellant, they needed voice sample of the appellant. The police, therefore, filed an application before learned Chief Judicial Magistrate, Janpad Saharanpur, praying that the appellant be summoned to the court for recording the sample of his voice. On 8/1/2010, learned Chief Judicial Magistrate, Saharanpur issued summons to the appellant to appear before the investigating officer and give his voice sample. The appellant approached the Allahabad High Court under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (for short, "the Code") for quashing of the said order. The High Court by the impugned order dated 9/7/2010 rejected the said appli\;ation, hence, this appeal by special leave. 3.

In my view, two important questions of law raised in this appeal, which we need to address, are as under: "(i) Whether Article 20(3) of the Constitution of India, which protects a person accused of an offence from being compelled to be a witness against himself, extends to protecting such an accused from being compelled to give his voice sample during the course of investigation into an offence? (ii) Assuming that there is no violation of Article 20(3) of the Constitution of India, whether in the absence of any provision in the Code, can a Magistrate authorize the investigating agency to record the voice sample of the person accused of an offence? " 4. We have heard, at considerable length, Mr. Siddhartha Dave, learned counsel for the appellant, Mr. Aman Ahluwalia, learned amicus curiae and Mr. R. K. Dash, learned counsel for the respondent- State of Uttar Pradesh. We have also perused the written submissions filed by them. ANR. [RANJANA iPRAKASH DESAI, J. ] 5. Mr.

Dave, learned counsel for the appellant, at the A outset, made it clear that he was not pressing the challenge that the order passed by the Magistrate violates the appellant's fundamental right of protection from self-incrimination as guaranteed under Article 20(3) of the Constitution. Counsel submitted, however, that there is no provision in the Code or B ·in any other law which authorizes the police to make an application for an order directing the accused to permit recording of his voice for voice sample test. Counsel submitted that a Magistrate has no inherent powers and, therefore, learned Magistrate could not have given such a direction c (Ada/at Prasad v. Roop/a/ Jinda/1). Counsel submitted that because there is no other provision providing for a power, it ought not to be read in any other provision (State of U. P. v. Ram 2 Babu Misra , S. N. Sharma v. Bipen Kumar Tiwari3).

Counsel pointed out that in Ram Babu Misra, this Court restricted the D scope of Section 73 of the Indian Evidence Act and took-out from the purview of Section 5 of the Identification of Prisoners Act, 1920 (for short, "the Prisoners Act), handwritings and signatures. As suggested by this Court, therefore, the Code was amended and Section 311A was inserted. Counsel submitted that Section 5 of the Prisoners Act is inapplicable E to the present case because it is enacted only for the purpose of keeping a record of the prisoners and other convicts and not for collection of evidence (Ba/raj Bhalla v. Sri Ramesh Chandra Nigam4). Counsel submitted that this is supported by Section 7 of the Prisoners Act, which provides for destruction F of photographs and records of measurement on acquittal. The term "measuremenf' defined in Section 2(a) of the Prisoners Act covers only those things which could be physically measured.

Counsel submitted that the Prisoners Act, being a penal statute, the term measurement appearing therein must G 1. (2004) 1 sec 338. 2. (1980) 2 sec 242. 3. (1970) 1 sec 653. H 4. AIR 1960 All 157. · be given a restricted meaning (Regional Provident Fund 5 Commissioner v. Hooghly Mills Co. Ltd. and others ). Counsel submitted that investigation has to be conducted within the parameters of the Code. It is not uncontrolled and unfettered (State of West Bengal v. Swapan Guha6). Counsel submitted that the High Court judgments. where unamended Section 53 of the Code is involved, are not relevant. Counsel submitted that Explanation (a) to Section 53 of the Code was introduced in 2005 and, therefore, those judgments cannot be relied upon for interpreting the said Section as it stands today. Counsel submitted that various examinations listed in the said Explanation are the ones for which the police can have the accused examined by a medical practitioner.

These tests are all of physical attributes present in the body of a person like blood, nail, hair etc. , which once taken can be examined by modern and scientific techniques. Voice sample specifically has 0 not been included as one of the tests in the said Explanation even though the amendment was made in 2005 when Parliament was well aware of such test being available and, has, therefore, been intentionally omitted. Counsel submitted that the words "such other tests" mentioned in the said Explanation are controlled by the words "which the registered medical practitioner thinks necessary". Therefore, the discretion, as to the choice of the test, does not vest in the police but it vests in the medical practitioner. This would clearly exclude voice test on the principle of ejusdem generis. Counsel 7 submitted that in Se/vi and others v. State of Kamataka this Court has held that Section 53 of the Code has to be given a restrictive interpretation and not an expansive one.

Counsel submitted that the decision of this Court in Sakiri Vasu v. State 8 of Uttar Pradesh is inapplicable since to do an act under ancillary power the main power has to be conferred, which has 5. c2012i 2 sec 489. 6. (1982) 1 sec 561. 1. (201oi 1 sec 263. 8. (2009) 2 sec 409. RITESH SINHA v. STATE OF UTTAR PRADESH & 701 not been conferred in this case. Therefore, there is no question A of resorting to ancillary power. Counsel submitted that the High Court fell into a grave error in refusing to quash the order passed by learned Magistrate summoning the appellant for the purpose of giving sample of his voice to the investigating officer. 6. Mr. Aman Ahluwalia, learned Amicus Curiae has submitted a very detailed and informative note on the issues involved in this case. Gist of his submissions could be stated. Counsel submitted that voice sample is only a material for comparison with something that is already in possession of the investigating agency.

Relying on 11 Judges' Bench decision 9 of this court in State of Bombay v. Kathi Kalu Oghad & Ors. , counsel submitted that evidence for such identification purposes would not attract the privilege under Article 20(3) of the Constitution. According to learned counsel, there is no specific provision enabling the Magistrate to direct an accused to give his voice sample. There are certain provisions of the Code in which such power can be read into by the process of implication viz. Section 2(h), Section 53, Section 311A and Section 54A. So far as Section 311 A of the Code is concerned, counsel however, fairly pointed out that in Rakesh 10 Bisht v. C. B. 1. the Delhi High Court has held that with the aid of Section 311A of the Code the accused cannot be compelled to give voice sample. Counsel also relied on Section 5 of the Prisoners Act and submitted that it expressly confers power on the Magistrate to direct collection of demonstrative evidence during investigation.

Counsel submitted that in Central Bureau of Investigation, New Delhi v. Abdul Karim Ladsab Telgi and 11 others the Bombay High Court has interpreted the term "measurement" appearing in Section 5 of the . Prisoners Act expansively and purposefully to include measurement of voice i. e. speech sound waves. Counsel submitted that Section 53 9. (1962) 3 SCR 10. 10. 2007 (1) JCC 482 and MANU/DE/033812007. 11. 2005 Cr1. L. J. 2868. of the Code could be construed expansively on the basis of presumption that an updating construction can be given to the 2 statute (Bennion on Statutory lnterpretation' ). Relying on Se/vi. counsel submitted that for the purpose of Section 53 of the Code, persons on anticipatory bail would be deemed to be arrested persons.

It is, therefore, reasonable to assume that where the person is not actually in the physical custody of the police, the investigating agency could approach the Magistrate for an order directing the person to submit himself for examination under Section 53 of the Code. Counsel also submitted that in Sakiri Vasu, this Court has referred to the incidental and implied powers of a Magistrate during investigation. Counsel submitted that in Se/vi, Explanation to Section 53 has been given a restrictive meaning to include physical evidence. Since voice is physical evidence, it would fall within the ambit of Section 53 of the Code. The Magistrate 0 has, therefore, ancillary or implied powers under Section 53 of the Code to direct a person to give voice sample in order to aid investigation. Counsel submitted that the most natural construction of the various statutes may lead to the conclusion that there is no power to compel a person to give voice sample.

However, the administration of justice and the need to control crime effectively require the strengthening of the investigative machinery. While considering various provisions of law this angle may be kept in mind. 7. Mr. Dash, learned counsel for the State of Uttar Pradesh submitted that the definition of the term 'investigation' appearing in the Code is inclusive. It means collection of evidence for proving a particular fact. A conjoint reading of the definition of the term 'investigation' and Sections 156 and 157 of the Code would show that while investigating a crime, the police have to take various steps (H. N. Rishbud & Anr. v. State 13 of Delh1 ). Counsel pointed out that in Se/vi, meaning and 12. 5th Edition at P. 516. 13. AIR 1955 SC 196. RITESH SINHA v. STATE OF UTTAR PRADESH & 703 scope of the term 'investigation' has been held to include measures that had not been enumerated in the statutory provisions. In this connection, in Se/vi.

this Court took note of Rajasthan High Court judgment in Mahipa/ Madema & Anr. v. 14 State of Rajasthan and Allahabad High Court judgment in 15 Jamshed v. State of U. P. Relying on Kathi Kalu Oghad & 15 Ors. , counsel submitted that taking of thumb impressions, impression of palm or foot or fingers or specimen writing or exposing a part of the body by an accused for the purpose of identification is not furnishing evidence in the larger sense because Constitution makers never intended to put obstacles in the way of effective investigation. Counsel also relied on State 16 of U. P. v. Boota Singh where the contention that taking specimen signatures of the respondents by police during investigation was hit by Section 162 of the Code was rejected. Counsel submitted that the question of admissibility of tape recorded conversation is relevant for the present controversy. In this connection, he relied on R. M. Malkani v.

State of 7 Maharashtra' • Counsel submitted that under Section 5 of the Prisoners Act, a person can be directed to give voice sample. In this connection, he relied on the Bombay High Court's judgment in Te/qi. Counsel submitted that a purposive interpretation needs to be put on the relevant sections to strengthen the hands of the investigating agency to deal with the modern crimes where tape recorded con. versations are often very crucial. 8. Though, Mr. Dave, learned counsel for the appellant has not pressed the submission relating to infringement of guarantee enshrined in Article 20(3) of the Constitution, since extensive arguments have been advanced on Article 20(3) and since the right against self-incrimination enshrined therein is of 14. 1971 Cr. L. J. 1405. 15. 1976 Cri. L. J. 1680. 16. (1979) 1 sec 31. 11. (1973) 1 sec 471. great importance to criminal justice system, I deem it appropriate to deal with the said question also to make the legal position clear. 9.

Article 20(3) of the Constitution reads thus: "Article 20: Protection in respect of conviction for offences. (1) (2) (3) No person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself. " 18 10. In M. P. Sharma v. Satish Chandra & Ors. , a seven Judges Bench of this court did not accept the contention that the guarantee against testimonial compulsion is to be confined to oral testimony while facing trial in the court. The guarantee was held to include not only oral testimony given in the court or out of court, but also the statements in writing which incriminated the maker when figuring as an accused person. 11. In Kathi Kalu Oghad, this court agreed- with the above conclusion drawn in M. P. Sharma.

This court, however, did not agree with the observation made therein that "to be a witness" may be equivalent to "furnishing evidence" in larger sense of the expression so as to include giving of thumb impression or impression of palm or foot or fingers or specimen writing or exposing a part of the body by an accused person for the purpose of identification. This court expressed that the observations in M. P. Sharma that Section 139 of the Evidence Act which says that a person producing a document on summons is not a witness, has no bearing on the connotation of the word "witness" is not entirely well-founded in law. It is necessary to have a look at Kathi Kalu Oghad. 18. 1954 SCR 1077. RITESH SINHA v. STATE OF UITAR PRADESH & 705 12. In Kathi Ka/u Oghad, the prosecution adduced in evidence a chit stated to be in the handwriting of the accused.

In order to prove that the chit was in the handwriting of the accused, the police had taken specimen signatures of the accused while he was in police custody. Handwriting expert opined that the chit was in the handwriting of the accused. Question was raised as to the admissibility of the specimen writings ir. view of Article 20(3) of the Constitution. The High Court had acquitted the accused after excluding the specimen writings from consideration. The questions of constitutional importance which this court considered and which have relevance to the case on hand are as under: {a) Whether by production of the specimen handwriting, the accused could be said to have been a witness against himself within the meaning of Article 20(3) of the Constitution? (b) Whether the mere fact that when those specimen handwritings had been given, the accused was in po!

ice custody, could by itself amount to compulsion, apart from any other circumstances 111Jhich could be urged as vitiating the consent of the accused in giving these specimen handwritings? {c) Whether a direction given by a court to an accused present in court to give his specimen writing and signature for the purpose of comparison under Section 73 of the Indian Evidence Act infringes the fundamental right enshrined in Article 20(3) of the Constitution? 13. While departing from the view taken in M. P. Sharma that "to be witness is nothing more than to furnish evidence" and such evidence can be furnished through lips or by production of a thing or of a document or in other modes, in Kathi Kalu Oghad this Court was alive to the fact that the investigating agencies cannot be denied their legitimate power to investigate a case properly and on a proper analysis of relevant legal provisions it gave a restricted meaning to the term "to be witness". The relevant observations may be quoted.

"'To be a witness' may be equivalent to 'furnishing evidence' in the sense of making oral or written statements, but not in the larger sense of the expression so as to include giving of thumb impression or impression of palm or foot or fingers or specimen writing or exposing a part of the body. 'Furnishing evidence' in the latter sense could not have been within the contemplation of the Constitution-makers for the simple reason that - thought they may have intended to protect an accused person from the hazards of selfincrimination, in the light of the English Law on the subject - they could not have intended to put obstacles in the way of efficient and effective investigation into crime and of bringing criminals to justice. The taking of impressions or parts of the body of an accused person very often becomes necessary to help the investigation of a crime.

It is as much necessary to protect an accused person against being compelled to incriminate himself, as to arm the agents of law and the law courts with legitimate powers to bring offenders to justice. n 14. In· support of the above assertion, this court referred to Section 5 of the Prisoners Act which allows measurements and photographs of an accused to be taken and Section 6 thereof which states that if anyone resists taking of measurements and photographs, all necessary means to secure the taking of the same could be used. This court also referred to Section 73 of the Indian Evidence Act which authorizes the court to permit the taking of finger impression or specimen handwriting or signature of a person present in the court, if necessary for the purpose of comparison.

This court observed that self-incrimination must mean conveying information based upon the personal knowledge of the person giving the information and cannot include merely the mechanical process of producing documents in court which may throw light on any of the points in controversy, but which do not contain any statement of the accused based on his personal knowledge. Example was cited of an accused who may be in possession of a document which is in his writing or which contains his signature or his thumb impression. It was observed that production of such document with a view to comparison of the writing or the signature or the impression of the accused is not the statement of an accused person, which can be said to be of the nature of a personal testimony.

I may quote another relevant observation of this court: "When an accused person is called upon by the Court or any other authority holding an investigation to give his finger impression or signature or a specimen of his handwriting, he is not giving any testimony of the nature of a 'personal testimony'. The giving of a 'personal testimony' must depend upon his volition. He can make any kind of statement or may refuse to make any statement. But his finger impressions or his handwriting, in spite of efforts at conceail:ig the true nature of it by dissimulation cannot change their intrinsic character. Thus, the giving of finger impressions or cf specimen writing or of signatures by an accused person, though it may amount to furnishing evidence in the larger sense, is not included within the expression 'to be a witness. " 15. Four of the conclusions drawn by this court, which are relevant for our rurpose, could be quoted: "(3) 'To be a witness' is.

not equivalent to 'furnishing evidence' in its widest significance; that is to say, as including not merely making of oral or written statements but also production of documents or giving materials which may be relevant at a trial to determine the guilt or innocence of the accused. · (4) Giving thumb impressions or impressions of foot or palm or fingers or specimen writings or showing parts of the body by way of identification are not included in the expression 'to be a witness'. (5) 'To be·a witness' means imparting knowledge in respect of relevant facts by an oral statement or a statement in writing, made or given in court or otherwise. (6) 'To be a witness' in its ordinary grammatical sense means giving oral testimony in court. Case law has gone beyond this strict literal interpretation of the expression which may now bear a wider meaning, namely, bearing testimony in court or out of court by a person accused of an offence, orally or in writing. " 16.

Before I proceed further, it is necessary to state that our attention was drawn to the judgment of this Court in 0 19 Shyamla/ Mohan/al v. State of Gujarat • It was pointed out that, there is some conflict between observations of this Court in M. P. Sharma as reconsidered in Kathi Ka/u Oghad and, Shyamla/ Mohan/a/ and this is noted by this Court in V. S. 20 Kuttan Pillai v. Ramakrishnan & Anr. • I, however, find that in V. S. Kuttan Pillai, this Court has not specifically given the nature of the conflict. Having gone through Shyam/a/ Mohan/al v. 1 State of Gujarat2 , I find that in that case, the Constitution Bench was considering the question whether Section 94 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Act 5 of 1898) (Section 91 (1) of the Code) applies to accused persons. The Constitution Bench observed that in Kathi Ka/u Oghad it has been held that an accused person cannot be compelled to disclose documents which are incriminatory and based on his own knowledge.

Section 94 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Act 5 of 1898) permits the production of all documents including the documents which are incriminatory and based on the personal 19. 1965 2 SCR 457. 20. (1980) 1 sec 264. 21. (1965) 2 SCR 457. knowledge of the accused person. The Constitution Bench observed that if Section 94 is construed to include an accused person, some unfortunate consequences follow. If the police officer directs an accused to attend and produce a document, the court may have to hear arguments to determine whether the document is prohibited under Article 20 (3). The order of the trial court will be final under the Code for no appeal or revision would lie against that order. Therefore, if Section 94 is construed to include an accused person, it would lead to grave hardship to the accused and make investigation unfair to him. The Constitution Bench concluded that Section 94 does not apply to an accused person. Though there is reference to M. P.

Sharma as a judgment stating that calling an accused to produce a document does amount to compelling him to give evidence against himself, the observations cannot be read as taking a view contrary to Kathi Kalu Oghad, because they were made in different context. As I have already noted, the conclusion drawn in Kathi Ka/u Oghad that the accused cannot be compelled to produce documents which are incriminatory and based on his own knowledge has been restated. I, therefore, feel that it is not necessary to go into the question of alleged conflict. 17. In Se/vi a three Judge Bench of this Court was considering whether involuntary administration of certain scientific techniques like narco-analysis, polygraph examination and the Brain Electrical Activation Profile (BEAP) tests and the results thereof are of a 'testimonial character' attracting the bar of Article 20(3) of the Constitution.

This Court considered the protective scope of right against self-incrimination, that is whether it extends to the investigation stage and came to the conclusion that even the investigation at the police level is embraced by Article 20(3). After quoting extensively from Kathi Kalu Oghad, it was observed that the scope of 'testimonial compulsion' is made clear by two premises. The first is that ordinarily it is the oral or written statements which convey the personal knowledge of a person in respect of relevant facts that amount to 'personal testimony' thereby coming within the prohibition contemplated by Article 20(3). In most cases, such 'personal testimony' can be readily distinguished from ll'aterial evidence such as bodily substances and other physical objects.

The second premise is that in some cases, oral or written statements can be relied upon but only for the purpose of identification or comparison with facts and materials that are already in the possession of the investigators. The bar of Article 20(3) can be invoked when the staternents are likely to lead to • incrimination by themselves or furnish a link in the chain of evidence. It was held that all the three techniques involve testimonial responses. They impede the subject's right to remain silent. The subject is compelled to convey personal knowledge irrespective of his/her own volition. The results of these tests cannot be likened to physical evidence so as to exclude them from the protective scope of Article 20(3). This 0 Court concluded that compulsory administration of the impugned techniques violates the right against selfincrimination. Article 20(3) aims to prevent the forcible conveyance of personal knowledge that is relevant to the facts in issue.

The results obtained from each of the impugned tests bear a testimonial character and they cannot be categorized as material evidence such as bodily substances and other physical objects. 18. Applying the test laid down by this court in Kathi Kalu Oghad . which is relied upon 'in Se/vi, I have no hesitation in coming to a conclusion that if an accused person is directed to give his voice sample during the course of investigation of an offence, there is no violation of his right under Article 20(3) of the Constitution. Voice sample is like finger print impression, signature or specimen handw+iting of an accused. Like giving of a finger print impression or specimen writing by the accused for the purposes of investigation, giving of a voice sample for the purpose of investigation cannot be included in the expression "to be a witness". By giving voice sample the accused does not convey information based upon his personal knowledge which can incriminate him.

A voice sample by itself is fully innocuous. By comparing it with tape recorded conversation, the investigator may draw his conclusion but, voice sample by itself is not a testimony at all. When an accused is asked to give voice sample, he is not giving any testimony of the nature of a personal testimony. When compared with the recorded conversation with the help of mechanical 'process, it may throw light on the points in controversy. It cannot be said, by any stretch of imagination that by giving voice sample, the accused conveyed any information based upon his personal knowledge and became a witness against himself. The accused by giving the voice sample merely gives 'identification data' to the investigating agency. He is not subjected to any testimonial compulsion. Thus, taking voice sample of an accused by the police during investigation is not hit by Article 20(3) of the Constitution. 19.

The next question which needs to be answered is whether there is any provision in the Code, or in any other law under which a Magistrate can authorize the investigating agency to record voice sample of a person accused of an offence. Counsel are ad idem on the point that there is no specific provision either in the Code or in any other law in that behalf. In its 87th Report, the Law Commission suggested that the Prisoners Act should be amended inter a/ia to indude voice sample within the ambit of Section 5 thereof. Parliament however has not amended the Prisoners Act in pursuance to the recommendation of the Law Commission nor is the Code amended to add any such provision therein. Resultantly, there is no specific legal provision under which such a direction can be given. It is therefore, necessary to see whether such power can be read into in any of the available provisions of law. 20.

A careful study of the relevant provisions of the Code and other relevant statutes discloses a scheme which aims at strengthening the hands of the investigator. Section 53, Section 54A, Section 311A of the Code, Section 73 of the Evidence [2012] 11 S. C. R. Act and the Prisoners Act to which I shall soon refer reflect Parliament's efforts in that behalf.

I have already noted that in Kathi Ka/u Oghad, while considering the expressions "to be a witness" and "furnishing evidence", this Court clarified that "to be a witness" is not equivalent to "furnishing evidence" in the larger sense of the expression so as to include giving of thumb impression or impression of palm or foot or fingers or specimen writing or exposing a part of the body by an accused for the purpose of identification because such interpretation would not have been within the contemplation of the Constitution makers for the simple reason that though they may have intended to protect an accused person from the hazards of selfincrimination, they could not have intended to put obstacles in the way of efficient and effective investigation into crime and bringing criminal to justice. Such steps often become necessary to help the investigation of crime.

This Court expressed that it 0 is as much necessary to protect an accused person against being compelled to incriminate himself, as to arm the agents of law and law courts with legitimate powers to bring offenders to justice. This, in my opinion, is the basic theme and, the controversy regarding taking of voice sample involved in this case will have to be dealt with keeping this theme in mind and by striking a balance between Article 20(3) and societal interest in having a. legal framework in place which brings to book criminals. 21, Since we are concerned with the stage of investigation, it is necessary to see how the Code defines 'investigation'. Section 2 (h) of the Code is material. It reads thus: "Investigation" includes all the proceedings under this Code for the collection of evidence conducted by a police officer or by any person (other than a Magistrate) who is authorized by a Magistrate in this behalf. " 22.

It is the duty of a Police Officer or any person (other than a Magistrate) authorized by a Magistrate to collect RITESH SINHA v. STATE OF UTTAR PRADESH & 713 evidence and proceedings under the Code for the collection of evidence are included in 'Investigation'. Collection of voice sample of an accused is a step•in investigation. It was argued by learned counsel for the State that various steps which the police take during investigation are not specifically provided in the Code, yet they fall within the wider definition of the term 'investigation' and investigation has been held to include measures that had not been enumerated in statutory provisions and the decisions to that effect of the Rajasthan High Court in Mahipal Madema and Allahabad High Court in Jamshed have been noticed by this Court in Se/vi and, therefore, no legal provisior1 need be located under which voice sample can be taken. I find it difficult to accept this submission.

In the course of investigation, the police do use force. In a country governed by rule of law police actions which are likely to affect the bodily integrity of a person or likely to affect his personal dignity must have legal sanction. That prevents possible abuse of the power by the police. It is trite that every investigation has to be conducted within the parameters of the Code. The power to investigate into a cognizable offence must be exercised strictly on the condition on which it is granted. (State of West Bengal v. Swapan Guha). The accused has to be dealt with strictly in accordance with law. Even though, taking of physical evidence which does not amount to communicating information based on personal knowledge to the investigating officer by the accused which may incriminate him, is held to be not violative of protection guaranteed by Article 20(3), the investigating officer cannot take physical evidence from an accused unless he is authorized by a Magistrate to do so.

He cannot assume powers which he does not possess. He can only act on the strength of a direction given to him by a Magistrate and the Magistrate must have power to issue such a direction. In 22 Bindeshwari Prasad Singh v. Kali Singh , this Court has clarified that subordinate criminal courts have no inherent powers. Similar view has been taken by this court in Ada/at 22. (1977) 1 sec s1. Prasad. Our attention was drawn to Sakiri Vasu ·in support of the submission that the Magistrate has implied or incidental powers. In that case, this ,Court was dealing with the Magistrate's powers under Section 156(3) of the Code. It is observed that Section 156(3) includes all such powers as are necessary for ensuring a proper investigation. It is further observed that when a power is given to an authority to do something, it includes such incidental or implied powers which would ensure proper doing of that thing.

It is further added that where an Act confers jurisdiction, it impliedly also grants power of doing all such acts or employ such means as are essentially necessary for execution. If we read Bindeshwar Prasad, Ada/at Prasad and Sakiri Vasu together, it becomes clear that the subordinate criminal courts do not have inherent powers. They can exercise such incidental powers as are necessary to ensure proper investigation. Against this background, it is 0 necessary to find out whether power of a Magistrate to issue direction to a police officer to take voice sample of the accused during investigation can be read into in any provisions of the Code or any other law. It is necessary to find out whether a Magistrate has implied or ancillary power under any provisions of the Code to pass such order for the purpose of proper investigation of the case. 23. In search for such a power, I shall first deal with the Prisoners Act.

As its short title and preamble suggests it is aimed at securing identification of the accused. It is an Act to authorize the taking of measurements and photographs of convicts and others. Section 2(a) defines the term 'measurements' to include finger-impressions and foot-print impressions. Section 3 provides for taking of measurements, etc. , of convicted persons and Section 4 provides for taking of measurements, etc. , of non-convicted persons. Section 5 provides for power of a Magistrate to order a person to be measured or photographed. Section 6 permits the police officer to use all means necessary to secure measurements etc. if such person puts up resistance. Section 7 states that all RITESH SINHA v. STATE OF UITAR PRADESH & 715 measurements and photographs taken of a person who has not been previously convicted shall be destroyed unless the court directs otherwise, if such person is acquitted or discharged.

In Kathi Ka/u Oghad, this Court referred to the Prisoners Act as a statute empowering the law courts with legitimate powers to bring offenders to justice. 23 24. In Amrit Singh v. State of Punjab the appellant was charged for offences under Sections 376 and 302 of the Indian Penal Code {for short "the IPC") and an application was filed by the investigating officer for obtaining the appellant's hair sample. He refused to give hair sample. It was argued that hair sample can be taken under the provisions of the Prisoners Act. This Court held that the Prisoners Act may not be ultra vires the Constitution, but it will have no application to the case before it because it cannot be said to be an area contemplated under~ 25. In Telgi, the Bombay High Court was dealing with a challenge to the order passed by the Special Judge, Pune, rejecting application filed by the investigating agency praying that it may be permitted to record the voice samples of the accused.

The High Court relying on Kathi Kalu Oghad rejected the contention that requiring the accused to lend their voice sample to the investigating officer amounts to testimonial compulsion and results in infringement of the accused's right under Article 20(3) of the Constitution. The High Court held that measuring frequency or intensity of the speech sound waves falls within the ambit of the scope of the term "measurement" as defined in Section 2{a) of the Prisoners Act. The High Court also relied on Sections 5 and 6 of the Prisoners Act as provisions enabling the court to pass such orders. 26. In Rakesh Bisht, the Delhi High Court disagreed with the view taken by the Bombay High Court in Telgi. The Delhi High Court held that if after investigation, charges are framed 23. (2oos) 12 sec 79.

and in the proceedings before the court, the court feels that voice sample ought to be taken for the purposes of establishing identity, then such a direction may be given provided the voice sample is taken only for the purposes of identification and it does not contain inculpatory statement so as to be hit by Article 20(3) of the Constitution. 27. Having carefully perused the provisions of the Prisoners Act, I am inclined to accept the view taken by the Bombay High Court in Telgi as against the view taken by the Delhi High Court in Rakesh Bisht. Voice sample stands on a different footing from hair sample with which this Court was concerned in Amrit Singh because there is no provision express or implied in the Prisoners Act under which such a hair sample can be taken. That is not so with voice sample. 28. The purpose of taking voice sample which is nontestimonial physical evidence is to compare it with tape recorded conversation. It is a physical characteristic of the accused.

It is identificatory evidence. In R. M. Malkani, this Court has taken a view that tape recorded conversation is admissible provided the conversation is relevant to the matters in issue; there is identification of the voice and the tape recorded conversation is proved by eliminating the possibility of erasing the tapa recorded conversation. It is a relevant fact and is admissible under Section 7 of the Evidence Act. In view of this legal position, to make the tape recorded conversation admissible in evidence, there must be provision under which the police can get it identified. For that purpose, the police must get the voice sample of the accused. 29. The dictionary meaning of the term 'measurement is the act or process of measuring. The voice sample is analysed or measured on the basis of time, frequency and intensity of the speech-sound waves. A voice print is a visual recording of voice.

Spectrographic Voice Identification is described in Chapter 12 of the Book "Scientific Evidence in Criminal Cases" written by Andre A. Moenssens, Ray Edward Moses and Fred E. lnbau. The relevant extracts of this chapter could be advantageously quoted. ·"Voiceprint identification requires (1) a recording of the questioned voice, (2) a recording of known origin for comparison, and (3) a sound spectrograph machine adapted for 'voiceprint' studies. " 12. 02 Sound and Speech In order to properly understand the voiceprint technique, it is necessary to briefly review some elementary concepts of sound and speech. Sound, like heat, can be defined as a vibration of air molecules or described as energy in the form of waves or pulses, caused by vibrations. In the speech process, the initial wave producing vibrations originate in the vocal cords. Each vibration causes a compression and corresponding rarefications of the air, which in turn form the aforementioned wave or pulse.

The time interval between each pulse is called the frequency of sound; it is expressed generally in hertz, abbreviated as hz. , or sometimes also in cycles-per-second, abbreviated as cps. It is this frequency which determines the pitch of the sound. The higher the frequency, the higher the pitch, and vice versa. Intensity is another characteristic of sound. In speech, intensity is the characteristic of loudness. Intensity is a function of the amount of energy in the sound wave or pulse. To perceive the difference between frequency and intensity, two activities of air molecules in an atmosphere must be considered. The speed at which an individual vibrating molecule bounces back and forth between the other air molecules surrounding it is the frequency. Intensity, on the other hand, may be measured by the number of air molecules that are being caused to vibrate at a given frequency. " "12.

03 The Sound Spectrograph The sound spectrograph is an electromagnetic instrument which produces a graphic display of speech in the parameters of time, frequency and intensity. The display is called a sound spectrogram. " 30. Thus, it is clear that voiceprint identification of voice involves measurement of frequency and intensity of sound waves. In my opinion, therefore, measuring frequency or intensity of the speech-sound waves falls within the ambit of inclusive definition of the term 'measurement' appearing in the Prisoners Act. 31. There is another angle of looking at this issue. Voice prints are like finger prints. Each person has a distinctive voice with characteristic features. Voice print experts have to compare spectrographic prints to arrive at an identification. In this connection, it would be useful to read following paragraphs from the book "Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice - an introduction" by Bennett-Sandler, Frazier, Torres, Waldron. "Voiceprints.

The voiceprint method of speaker identification involves the aural and visual comparison of one or more identified voice patterns with a questioned or unknown voice. Factors such as pitch, rate of speech, accent, articulation, and other items are evaluated and identified, even though a speaker may attempt to disnuice his or her voice. Through means of a sound spectrograph, voice signals can be recorded magnetically to produce a permanent image on electrically sensitive paper. This visual recording is called a volceprint. A voiceprint indicates resonance bars of a person's voice (called formants), along with the spoken word and how it RITESH SINHA " STATE OF UTIAR PRADESH & 719 ANR. [RA~ J/\NA PRAKASH DESAI, J. ] is articulated. Fi1:1ure 9. 7 is an actual voiceprint sample. The loudness of a voice is indicated by the density of lines; the darker the lines on the print, the greater the volume of the sound.

When voiceprints are being identified, the frequency and pitch of the voice are indicated on the vertical axis; the time factor is indicated on the horizontal axis. At least ten matching sounds are needed to make a positive identification, while fewer factors lead to a probable or highly probable conclusion. Voiceprints are like fingerorints in that each person has a distinctive voice with characteristic features dictated by vocal cavities and articulators. Oral arid nasal cavities act as resonators for energy expended by the vocal cords. Arttculators are generated by the lips, teeth, tongue, soft palate, and jaw muscles. Voiceprint experts must compare spectrographic prints or phonetic elements to arrive at an identification. These expert laboratory technicians are trained to make subjective conclusions, much as fingerprint or criminalistic experts must make determinations on the basis of evidence. " (emphasis supplied.

) Thus, my conclusion that voice sample can be included in the inclusive definition of the term "measurements" appearing in Section 2(a) of the Prisoners Act is supported by the abovequoted observation that voice prints are like finger prints. Section 2(a) states that measurements include finger impressions and foot impressions. If voice prints are like finger prints, they would be covered by the term 'measurements'. I must note that the Law Commission of India in its 87th Report referred to the book "Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice. - an introduction". The Law commission observed that voice prints resemble finger prints and made a recommendation that the Prisoners Act needs to be amended. I am, therefore, of the opinion that a Magistrate acting under Section 5 of the Prisoners Act can give a direction to any person to give his H . voice sample for the purposes of any investigation or proceeding under the Code. 32.

I shall now turn to Section 73 of the Indian Evidence Act to see whether it empowers the court to give such a direction. It reads thus: 8 "Section 73 - Comparison of signature, writing or seal with others admitted or proved. In order to ascertain whether a signature, writing, or seal is that of the person by whom it purports to have been written or made, any signature, writing, or seal admitted or proved to the satisfaction of the Court to have been written or made by that person may be compared with the one which is to be proved, although that signature, writing, or seal has not been produced or proved for any other purpose. 0 The Court may direct any person present in court to write any words or figures for the purpose of enabling the Court to compare the words or figures so written with any words or figures alleged to have been written by such person. " [This section applies also, with any necessary modifications, to finger-impressions. ] 33.

In Ram Babu Misra, the investigating officer made an application to the Chief Judicial Magistrate, Lucknow seeking a direction to the accused to give his specimen writing for the purpose of comparison with certain disputed writings. Learned Magistrate held that he had no power to do so when the case was still under investigation. His view was upheld by the High Court. This Court held that the second paragraph of Section 73 enables the court to direct any person present in court to give specimen writings "for the purpose of enabling the court to compare" such writings with writings alleged to have been written by such person. The clear implication of the words "for the purpose of enabling the court to compare" is that there is some proceeding before the court in which or as a RITESH SINHA v. STATE OF UTTAR PRADESH & 721 consequence of which it might be necessary for the court to compare such writings.

This Court further observed that the direction is to be given "for the purpose of enabling the court to compare" and not for the purpose of enabling the investigating or other agency to compare. While dismissing the appeal, this Court expressed that a suitable legislation may be made on the analogy of Section 5 of the Prisoners Act to provide for the investiture of Magistrates with the power to issue directions to any person including an accused person to give specimen signatures and writings. Thus Section 73 of the Evidence Act does not empower the court to direct the accused to give his specimen writings during the course of investigation. Obviously, Section 73 applies to proceedings pending before the court. They could be civil or criminal. In view of the suggestion made by this Court by Act 25 of 2005 with effect from 23. 6.

2006, Section 311A was added in the Code empowering the Magistrate to order a person to give specimen signature or handwriting during the course of investigation or proceeding under the Code. 34. Seciion 311A of the Code reads thus: "311A. Power of Magistrate to order person to give specimen signatures or handwriting: If a Magistrate of the first class is satisfied that, for the purposes of any investigation or proceeding under this Code, it is expedient to direct any person, including an accused person, to give specimen signatures or handwriting, he may make an order to that effect and in that case the person to whom the order relates shall be produced or shall attend at the time and place specified in such order and shall give his specimen signatures or handwriting: Provided that no order shall be made under this section unless the person has at some time been arrested in connection with such investigation or proceeding.

" A bare reading of this Section makes it clear that Section 311A cannot be used for obtaining a direction from a Magistrate for taking voice sample. 35. Section 53 of the Code pertains to examination of the accused by medical practitioner at the request of a police officer. Section 53A refers to examination of person accused of rape by medical practitioner and section 54 refers to examination of arrested person by a medical officer. Section 53 is material.

It reads as under: "Section 53 - Examination of accused by medical practitioner at the request of police officer (1) When a person is arrested on a charge of committing an offence of such a nature and alleged to have been committed under such circumstances that there are reasonable grounds for believing that an examination of his person will afford evidence as to the commission of an offence, it shall be lawful for a registered medical practitioner, acting at the request of a police officer not below the rank of sub-inspector, and for any person acting in good faith in his aid and under his direction, to make such an examination of the person arrested as is reasonable necessary in order to ascertain the facts which may afford such evidence, and to use such force as is reasonably necessary for that purpose.

(2) Whenever the person of a female is to be examined under this section, the examination shall be made only by, or under the supervision of, a female registered medical practitioner. Explanation:ln this section and in sections 53A and 54, (a) "examination" shall include the examination of blood, blood stains, semen, swabs in case of sexual offences, RITESH SINHA v. STATE OF UTIA~ PRADESH & 723 sputum and sweat, hair samples and finger nail clippings by the use of modern and scientific techniques including DNA profiling and such other tests which the registered medical practitioner thinks necessary in a particular case; (b) "registered medical practitioner" means a medical practitioner who possess any medical qualification as defined in clause (h) of section 2 of the Indian Medical Council Act. 1956(102 of 1956) and whose name has been entered in a State Medical Register. 1. Substituted by The Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 2005. Earlier the text was as under: .

Explanation. -ln this section and in section 54, "registered medical practitioner" means a medical practitioner who possesses any recognized medical qualification as defined in clause (h) of section 2 of the Indian Medical Council Act, 1956 (102 of 1956), and whose name has been entered in a State Medical Register. " 36. In short, this section states that if a police officer feels that there are reasonable grounds for believing ·that an examination of the person of the accused will afford evidence as to commission of the offence, he may request a registered medical practitioner to make such examination of his person as is reasonably necessary. For such examination, it is permissible to use such force as may be reasonably necessary. Explanation (a) to Section 53 states what is 'examination'. It is an inclusive definition.

It states that the examination shall include the examination of blood, blood stains, semen, swabs in case of sexual offences, sputum and sweat, hair samples and finger nail clippings by the use of modern and scientific techniques including DNA profiling and such other tests which the registered medical practitioner thinks necessary in a particular case. This explanation was substituted by the Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 2005. The question is whether with the aid of the doctrine 'ejusdem generis' voice sample test could be included within the scope of the term 'examination'. 37. I am not impressed by the submission that the term "such other tests" mentioned in Explanation (a) is controlled by the words "which the registered medical practitioner thinks 8 necessary".

It is not possible to hold that Explanation (a) vests the discretion to conduct examination of the accused in the registered medical practitioner and not in the investigating officer and therefore the doctrine of 'ejusdem generis' cannot be pressed into service. Under Section 53(1) the registered medical practitioner can act only at the request of a police officer. Obviously, he can have no say in the process of investigation. The decision to get the accused examined is to be taken by the investigating officer and not by the medical practitioner. It is the expertise of the medical practitioner which the investigator uses to decide the method of the test. It would be wrong, therefore, to state that the discretion to get the accused examined vests in the medical practitioner. This submission must, therefore, be rejected. 38.

It is argued that voice sample test cannot be included in the definition of 'examination' because in Se/vi, this Court has held that Section 53 needs to be given a restrictive interpretation. I must, therefore, revisit Se/vi. 39. In Se/vi, it was contended that the phrase "modern and scientific techniques including DNA profiling and such other tests" should be liberally construed to include narco-analysis test, polygraph examination and the BEAP test. These tests could be read in with the help of the words "and such other tests", because the list of "modern and scientific techniques" contemplated was illustrative and not exhaustive. This Court observed that it was inclined to take the view that the results of the impugned tests should be treated as testimonial.

acts for the purpose of invoking the right against self-incrimination and, therefore, it would be prudent to state that the phrase "and such other tests" appearing in Explanation (a) to Section 53 of the Code should be read so as to confine its meaning to include only those tests which involve the examination of physical evidence. This Court accepted the submission that while bodily substances such as blood, semen, sputum, sweat, hair and finger nail clippings can be characterized as physical evidence, the same cannot be said about the. techniques in question. This Court reiterated the distinction between physical evidence and testimonial acts and accepted the submission that the doctrine of 'ejusdem generis' entails that the meaning of general words which follow specific words in a statutory provision should be construed in light of commonality between those specific words.

This Court acknowledged that the substances mentioned in Explanation (a) to Section 53 are examples of physical evidence and, hence, the words "and such other tests" mentioned therein should be construed to include the examination of physical evidence but not that of testimonial acts. This Court made it clear that it was not examining what was the legislative intent in not including the tests impugned before it in the Explanation. 40. Our attention was drawn to the observation of this Court in Se/vi that the dynamic interpretation of the amended Explanation to Section 53 is obstructed because the general words " d such other tests" should ordinarily be read to include tests which are of the same genus as the other forms of medical examination which are examinations of bodily substances. It is argued that voice sample is not a bodily substance like blood, sputum, finger nail clippings etc. 41. Voice emanat-=s from the human body.

The human body determines its volume and distinctiveness. Though it cannot be touched or seen like a bodily substance, being bodily emanation, it could be treated as a part of human body and thus could be called a bodily substance. But, I feel that there is no need to stretch the meaning of the term 'bodily substance' in this case. I have already expressed my opinion that voice sample is physical non-testimonial evidence. It does not communicate to the investigator any information based on personal knowledge of the accused which can incriminate him